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Old Jul 15, 2016, 7:08 am
  #9646  
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Originally Posted by Seat 2A
28. In 1992, Air Canada was operating Boeing 747-133 aircraft configured with two classes of service. What was the name given by AC to each class of service? Also identify the number of seats in each class of service. There were not that many seats in business class but there was a very high number of seats in coach.

The only things that come to mind are "Connoisseuer Class" and "Comfort Class"

29. Speaking of Air Canada, it's the spring of 1995 and you are in Toronto. You need to travel to Charlottetown on Prince Edward Island and have a choice of two airlines that can get you there nonstop. One is Air Canada. Identify the other air carrier and the jet equipment it was flying on the YYZ-YYG route at this time. The airline was not Canadian (CP)....it was actually a new start up air carrier.

I used to see this airline listed in the OAG on flights down to Florida but it was around back in the late 90s, so what the heck, let's go with it - Royal Air or Royal Airlines. I'll guess the aircraft was a 737-200. Royal stood out for me because it flew A310s though that seems a bit large for the YYG market.
Thanks for stopping by, Seat 2A! Things have been a bit quiet here lately on the good ol' OTAQ&D.....

28. According to the OAG supplement concerning aircraft seating plans, Air Canada's business class in the Boeing 747-133 was called "Executive Class" and was comprised of 16 seats located on the top deck. Coach was called "Hospitality Service". There were 466 (!) coach class seats on the aircraft, all located on the main deck .

29. The Canadian air carrier in question was definitely obscure: Atlantic Island Airways (UZ) operating Fokker F.28 Fellowship aircraft with six flights a week nonstop between Toronto (YYZ) and Charlottetown, PE (YYG) and also flying nonstop between Toronto and Moncton (YQM) with one daily flight. It appears they were not in business very long.
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 8:09 am
  #9647  
 
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Originally Posted by jlemon
29. The Canadian air carrier in question was definitely obscure: Atlantic Island Airways (UZ) operating Fokker F.28 Fellowship aircraft with six flights a week nonstop between Toronto (YYZ) and Charlottetown, PE (YYG) and also flying nonstop between Toronto and Moncton (YQM) with one daily flight. It appears they were not in business very long.
Indeed a rare spot. They were only around for about 6 months and only managed to get one aircraft into the fleet (shades of World Airlines at London City around the same time). They went under in January 1995, so unless spring came exceptionally early to PEI (!) they were gone by then, the OAG being a bit behind. Their aircraft has been mentioned by us before, it was a former Piedmont, later US Air F28-1000, which had been parked at Pittsburgh for a couple of years and US Air were doubtless glad to get rid of it. Unfortunately it seems it wasn't properly being paid for, so back it had to go, which when you only have one aircraft is a bit of a problem, likewise for US Air who were stuck with it for several more years before they managed to sell it.

what the heck, let's go with it - Royal Air or Royal Airlines. I'll guess the aircraft was a 737-200. Royal stood out for me because it flew A310s though that seems a bit large for the YYG market.
I'm probably the only one here who rode with Royal Air, Christmas/New Year 1996, Birmingham to Toronto and back on the aforementioned A310. Booked late, fares from London had skyrocketed but there was this still cheap one-off charter they were doing from, of all places, Birmingham, a couple of hours down the road. It was the last transatlantic charter I ever took. Royal had Tristars as well for a period. Disorganised check-in at Birmingham, but flight was 100% full. Now Canada of course had a proud charter heritage, with Wardair being the shining example.

I'm afraid to say that Royal were no Wardair
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 8:21 am
  #9648  
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Originally Posted by jlemon

31. It's late winter of 1996 in Los Angeles and you've just received a call from your old sailing buddy. "So where are you now?" you ask and the answer is "Key West! Come on over! We've got the cat provisioned for a sail to the Turks and Caicos islands and you need to be on board!" Well, what the heck...and here's your chance to try first class on Carnival Air Lines from L.A. to Fort Lauderdale with a connection to Key West. So you book the flight and are then told by the Carnival agent your flight from FLL to EYW will actually be on another airline operating a de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprop via a code share. Name the Dash 7 operator. This commuter air carrier was based in Florida and the tail registrations of its aircraft ended in "MG"....which meant something

32. You are back in New York City and it's the spring of 1997. The days of multi-stop milk run flights up and down the east coast between the northeast U.S. and Florida are over (remember that 727 flight operated by National that stopped just about everywhere?). Or are they? To your pleasant surprise, you've found a daily direct flight operated with a mainline jet aircraft type that makes four stops en route from New York JFK to Miami. Identify the airline, the equipment and all four stops in the order in which they were made. This new start up air carrier operated Boeing equipment

The final two quiz items both have a time line of the summer of 1999.....

33. This airline was operating nonstop wide body service once a week between Nassau (NAS) and Havana (HAV). The westbound flight operated every Friday and the eastbound flight operated every Monday. Name the airline and the aircraft type. This airline was not based in the western hemisphere and the equipment was a trijet

34. Only one air carrier was operating Boeing 727 service into Winnipeg (YWG) at this time. Name the airline. The air carrier was not Northwest....and the airline in question was operating its one and only flight from YWG via a code share
31. The Dash 7 operator was Paradise Island Airlines (BK). Besides FLL-EYW, the air carrier was also operating code share flights in conjunction with Carnival Air Lines (KW) on Miami-Paradise Island, West Palm Beach-Paradise Island and Miami-Fort Myers routings. The "MG" on the end of the tail registrations of the Dash 7 aircraft stood for Merv Griffin whose company played a part in setting up the airline in order to fly passengers to and from the tourist enclave it operated on the island of the same name in the Bahamas.

32. The airline was Air South. Here's the sched....

WV 537: New York (JFK) 9:25a - 10:45a Norfolk (ORF) 11:10a - 12:20p Charleston (CHS) 12:45p - 1:45p Atlanta (ATL) 2:20p - 3:20p Jacksonville (JAX) 3:45p - 4:55p Miami (MIA)
Op: Daily
Equip: B737-200

33. The airline was AOM French Airlines (IW) operating DC-10 service. IW 623 departed Nassau every Friday at 4:00pm and arrived in Havana at 5:15pm. IW 629 departed Havana every Monday at 4:30pm and arrived in Nassau at 5:40pm. These flights were part of a service between France, Cuba and the Bahamas, of course.

34. The one and only 727 operator in Winnipeg at this time was Northwest Territorial Airways (also known as NWT Air, two letter code NV) operating code sharing service in conjunction with Air Canada. AC 8962 departed Rankin Inlet (YRT) on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 3:30pm and flew nonstop to Winnipeg (YWG) arriving at 5:30pm. Dinner was served en route.

Last edited by jlemon; Jul 15, 2016 at 12:21 pm Reason: sched correction on #34
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 9:18 am
  #9649  
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Impressively diverse and occasionally deliciously obscure - well done, Mr. Lemon!

I remember flying upon an Air South 737 between Tampa and Miami back in 1996. Ticket price was $19.00 and seating was comfortable. Then again, I remember flying upon Spirit and Allegiant before they adopted the Ryanair model. Flights were inexpensive with comfortable seating of about 31-32" pitch.

Re. the NWT Air 727 - did this aircraft actually operate in the full NWT Air livery?

Last edited by Seat 2A; Jul 15, 2016 at 10:40 am
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 10:49 am
  #9650  
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Here's a new batch of questions that'll truly test your "Old Timer" status. The first set is from 1948 and 1950. Whaaaat? 1948? 1950?! Most of us weren’t even born yet! How are we supposed to know anything about schedules and service from back then?

Based upon your past participation in the Old Timer’s Airline Quiz and Discussion thread, I feel confident that most if not all of you have displayed enough of a working knowledge of airline history and schedules to provide at the very least a well educated guess. And that’ll be a good starting point.

And if you’re wrong, so what?! After all, nobody’s keeping score.


THE TIMELINE FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IS LATE 1948

1. In 1948, Fairbanks, Alaska was served by four airlines (not including local service Air Taxis) Two of the airlines offered only intrastate services while the other two operated flights outside Alaska’s borders. Identify each airline, indicating which two operated intrastate vs. the two that operated out of state.
A N S W E R E D

2A. This airline’s 1948 ads claimed it to be the second most elderly airline in America. Which airline is it?
2B. As of 1948, what was the oldest major airline in America?
2C. Identify the oldest continually operating airline regardless of size in America.

3. Your son is graduating with an earth sciences degree from the University of Minnesota, so you’ve booked a flight aboard Northwest’s single daily departure between Anchorage and Minneapolis in order to attend his graduation ceremony. Although you’d assumed that the flight would be nonstop, the reality is that nonstop flights are still a few years away yet. In 1948 all Northwest flights operating between Anchorage and Minneapolis made one enroute stop. Identify the aircraft you’ll be flying upon and the location of the enroute stop.
A N S W E R E D

4. What was Aeronaves de Mexico’s sole American gateway city in 1948?

5. The WHBM Special You and the Missus want to fly from New York to Bermuda. A previously poor experience on BOAC a couple of years earlier has your wife referring to BOAC as “Better On A Camel”. You beg to differ but she’ll not be dissuaded and so you must choose between two U.S. airlines – one of which serves the NYC-BDA route with a Lockheed Constellation while the other employs a DC-4. Identify each of the U.S. airlines relative to the equipment they’ll be operating

6. You’ve just arrived in Bermuda for a week’s vacation only to discover that what was initially dismissed as a weak tropical depression in the South Atlantic has now begun to form into a category 3 hurricane. Worse yet, it’s swung northwest toward Bermuda. Telegrams are quickly exchanged with the result being that you are now booked on tomorrow’s early morning nonstop flight to sunny Miami, Florida where a suite at South Beach’s swank National Hotel awaits. Identify the airline and aircraft that will deliver you down to South Florida.

7. In 1948, Western Airlines served just a single Canadian city. Which one was it?
A N S W E R E D

8. In 1948, only one airline could fly you to Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Your flight will originate in Denver and make one enroute stop. Identify the airline and the enroute stop.
A N S W E R E D

9. If you were traveling from the southernmost city to the northernmost city served by Capital Airlines, which cities would you be travelling between?
A N S W E R E D

10. Most of Trans Canada Airlines’ Europe bound trans-Atlantic flights departed from Montreal, Some however made an additional stop at another Canadian airport. It was not Gander. Which one was it?
A N S W E R E D


THE TIMELINE FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IS 1950

This set of questions will be presented as a point to point tour, starting off in chilly Nome, Alaska and ending up in sunny Havana, Cuba.

11. Snow falls lightly at Nome as we board our 10:30am flight, bound for Seattle, WA. The flight makes a single stop enroute. Identify the airline, the aircraft and the enroute stop.

12. Following a wonderful weekend with friends on Bainbridge Island, we’re off to sunny Spokane, WA aboard Northwest Airlines. Northwest operates three different types of aircraft on the SEA-GEG route. Identify each aircraft type offered and, in an essay of 1000 words or less, explain which one you’d most like to fly upon and why.

13. The jlemon Special Today we’re going to fly aboard one of America’s first “Feeder Airlines” on a nine-stop odyssey between Spokane and Boise, Idaho. Identify the airline, the aircraft and each of the nine stops in order.

14. Continuing our rather roundabout journey, we board this airline’s daily two-stop service to Portland, Oregon. Identify the airline, the aircraft and the two intermediate stops along the way.

After three gorgeous days in the City of Roses, we’re off to San Francisco, California. Although nonstop flights to SFO are available, we want to keep it interesting by utilizing two airlines we’ve not yet flown upon. We’ll begin by flying the first airline to the southernmost city in its route network. That same city represents the northernmost point in our connecting airline’s route network.

15A. Identify the first airline we’ll fly, the aircraft and the route flown from Portland including the four intermediate stops to its southernmost city.

15B. Identify the airline we’ll be connecting to, the aircraft and the three-stop route flown from its northernmost city to San Francisco. Hint: The flight is marketed as “The San Francisco Express
A N S W E R E D

From San Francisco we’ll travel overland to Cheyenne, Wyoming aboard the Union Pacific railroad’s crack streamliner “The City of San Francisco”.

15C. Identify the three railroads over whose tracks the “The City of San Francisco operated.
A N S W E R E D

16. Following a long weekend spent at a business partner’s ranch in the nearby Medicine Bow Mountains, we return to Cheyenne where we are presented with a choice of three airlines offering service down to Denver, Colorado. Two of the airlines offer nonstop flights while the third offers a single daily one-stop flight. Identify each of the three airlines and the enroute stop that one of them makes.

17. After a successful combination of business and pleasure culminating with lunch at Denver’s Brown Palace Hotel, it’s off to Stapleton Airport where we’re booked on a flight that’s marketed as “The Oil King”. Our destination is Tulsa, OK. Two enroute stops are made along the way. Identify the airline, the aircraft and the enroute stops.

18. An unexpected change in plans requires us to make a quick side trip up to Chicago, Illinois. Although a variety of flights are available, we opt for an early evening departure that offers a dinner service enroute. Stops will be made at Joplin, MO, St. Louis, MO and Springfield, IL along the way. Identify the airline and aircraft utilized
A N S W E R E D

19. With our business in Chicago successfully concluded, we’re off to Houston, Texas aboard this airline’s flight dubbed “The Texanaire”. There will be one enroute stop with a delicious hot meal served along the way. Identify the airline, the enroute stop and the aircraft.
A N S W E R E D

20. Finally, we’ve come to the last leg of our journey. It’s on to the “ City of Columns” - Havana, Cuba - aboard the only nonstop flight offered from Houston. Identify the airline and the aircraft we’ll be flying upon.
A N S W E R E D

Bonus Question 20B: Identify the other airline (besides Braniff) that was operating a nonstop flight between Houston and Havana. Additionally, identify the aircraft flown and the name that the flight was marketed under.

Last edited by Seat 2A; Jul 16, 2016 at 11:44 pm
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 11:08 am
  #9651  
 
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A nice set of questions. Very good.

7. In 1948, Western Airlines served just a single Canadian city. Which one was it?
I think Western hadn't managed to get licences into Calgary, maybe there were no customs at the airport there, so they had to serve Lethbridge, Alts., a border town, instead. Trans Canada did a connection onwards to Calgary.

10. Most of Trans Canada Airlines’ Europe bound trans-Atlantic flights departed from Montreal, Some however made an additional stop at another Canadian airport. It was not Gander. Which one was it?
Although the common alternative to Gander was Goose Bay, up in Labrador, I think Trans Canada had a penchant to use Sydney NS (Nova Scotia) as a final kick-off point.

A previously poor experience on BOAC a couple of years earlier has your wife referring to BOAC as “Better On A Camel”.
I shall be DEALING with this LATER ....
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 11:41 am
  #9652  
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Originally Posted by Seat 2A
Impressively diverse and occasionally deliciously obscure - well done, Mr. Lemon!

Re. the NWT Air 727 - did this aircraft actually operate in the full NWT Air livery?
Many thanks once again, Seat 2A!

I'm not sure if the NWT Air 727 was operated in its own livery with regard to the Air Canada Connector service. I have also been unable to find a photo of a NWT Air 727 but suspect the aircraft operating via the AC code share was indeed operated with its own livery. BTW, at this same time NWT Air was operating Air Canada Connector code share service with a B737-200 between Edmonton and Yellowknife.

And we hear there has been something of a heat wave up near your part of the world: yesterday, the high temperature in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was reported to be 81 degrees F. Bear in mind that Prudhoe Bay is located very close to the Arctic Ocean......
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 12:14 pm
  #9653  
 
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3. Edmonton would be the stop. I don't think NW's Stratocruisers were in service quite yet, so I think the flight would be on a DC-4.

8. My guess would be a United DC-3 via Cheyenne.

15C: Southern Pacific to Ogden, Union Pacific to Omaha/Council Bluffs, then the Chicago & North Western to Chicago - or the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific after 1955.
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Old Jul 15, 2016, 1:04 pm
  #9654  
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Originally Posted by Seat 2A


1. In 1948, Fairbanks, Alaska was served by four airlines (not including local service Air Taxis) Two of the airlines offered only intrastate services while the other two operated flights outside Alaska’s borders. Identify each airline, indicating which two operated intrastate vs. the two that operated out of state.

9. If you were traveling from the southernmost city to the northernmost city served by Capital Airlines, which cities would you be travelling between?

15B. Identify the airline we’ll be connecting to, the aircraft and the three-stop route flown from its northernmost city to San Francisco. Hint: The flight is marketed as “The San Francisco Express
1. I believe the air carriers operating intrastate services would have been Northern Consolidated Airlines (NCA) and Wien Air Alaska. The other two airlines flying out of state were probably Alaska Airlines and Pan American World Airways.

9. I think Capital had an operation in Michigan at one point so let's go with Sault Ste. Marie on the far northern end of its route system. And as for the southernmost city, it may have been not too far east of yours truly: New Orleans.

15B. Ah, this sounds like the predecessor of our old friend Pacific Air Lines: Southwest Airways. If so, aircraft was probably a DC-3 flying a routing of Medford-Crescent City-Arcata/Eureka-Ukiah-San Francisco.
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 12:33 am
  #9655  
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Originally Posted by WHBM
7. In 1948, Western Airlines served just a single Canadian city. Which one was it?

I think Western hadn't managed to get licences into Calgary, maybe there were no customs at the airport there, so they had to serve Lethbridge, Alts., a border town, instead. Trans Canada did a connection onwards to Calgary.

That's right! Here's the schedule:

WA 26 Lv. LAX 130a Lv. SLC 730a Lv. GTF 130p Arr. YQL 315p
Connecting to
TCA 85 Lv. YQL 345p Arr. YYC 445p Arr. YXD 610p

10. Most of Trans Canada Airlines’ Europe bound trans-Atlantic flights departed from Montreal, Some however made an additional stop at another Canadian airport. It was not Gander. Which one was it?

Although the common alternative to Gander was Goose Bay, up in Labrador, I think Trans Canada had a penchant to use Sydney NS (Nova Scotia) as a final kick-off point.

Correct! TCA were operating C-54 Northstars along the following routings:

Montreal-London
Montreal-Prestwick-London
Montreal-Sydney-Shannon-London
Montreal-Sydney-Prestwick-London
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 12:42 am
  #9656  
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Originally Posted by JoeDTW
3. Your son is graduating with an earth sciences degree from the University of Minnesota, so you’ve booked a flight aboard Northwest’s single daily departure between Anchorage and Minneapolis in order to attend his graduation ceremony. Although you’d assumed that the flight would be nonstop, the reality is that nonstop flights are still a few years away yet. In 1948 all Northwest flights operating between Anchorage and Minneapolis made one enroute stop. Identify the aircraft you’ll be flying upon and the location of the enroute stop.

Edmonton would be the stop. I don't think NW's Stratocruisers were in service quite yet, so I think the flight would be on a DC-4.

That's correct, Joe. Here's the schedule:

NW 800/802 Dept. ANC 320p Arr. YXD 120a Lv. YXD 150a Arr. MSP 750a

8. In 1948, only one airline could fly you to Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Your flight will originate in Denver and make one enroute stop. Identify the airline and the enroute stop.

My guess would be a United DC-3 via Cheyenne.

Cheyenne is correct, as is the DC-3. And, were we flying this route a few years later, so too would be United. However, in 1948 we're looking for a different airline...

15C. Identify the three railroads over whose tracks the “The City of San Francisco operated.

Southern Pacific to Ogden, Union Pacific to Omaha/Council Bluffs, then the Chicago & North Western to Chicago - or the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific after 1955.

You a railroad man, Joe? Spot on!
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 1:07 am
  #9657  
 
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TCA were operating C-54 Northstars along the following routings:

Montreal-London
Montreal-Prestwick-London
Montreal-Sydney-Shannon-London
Montreal-Sydney-Prestwick-London
For those not familiar with the North Star, it was based on the Douglas DC-4, but with significant changes. Built by Canadair in Montreal, it had the P&W radial engines replaced by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, and it was pressurised. Mostly sold in Canada, where TCA and the RCAF were the main operators, Canadian Pacific also bought a few. Main overseas purchaser was BOAC, who got 20 of them. The aircraft was known by a surprising number of names, Canadair called it either the DC-4M or the C-4 at different times, Trans Canada trademarked "North Star", Canadian Pacific listed it as the "Canadair 4", while BOAC always called them the "Argonaut", which persisted when they were sold off to mainly UK independent carriers in the early 1960s.

Sydney, long runway but little else, soon fell away from any international traffic, until the internet age and people booking their own travel arrived. More than a few people travelling from London to Sydney in Australia actually booked to Sydney in Canada. It wasn't helped by early booking engines listing Sydney Nova Scotia as just Sydney NS and Sydney New South Wales as just Sydney NSW, which appeared without further comment next to one another. At least one person actually made it from the UK to Sydney NS airport arrivals, having connected via Toronto, before their error was discovered, which of course made the news media. For those who said it was stupid to have booked from London to Australia on Air Canada, the only operator into Sydney NS airport then, at the time Air Canada was making quite a play for traffic from London to Sydney NSW, connecting at Vancouver.

Air Canada also serves London, UK and London, Ontario, which however seem to have escaped such booking errors.

Last edited by WHBM; Jul 16, 2016 at 1:15 am
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 1:08 am
  #9658  
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Originally Posted by jlemon
1. In 1948, Fairbanks, Alaska was served by four airlines (not including local service Air Taxis) Two of the airlines offered only intrastate services while the other two operated flights outside Alaska’s borders. Identify each airline, indicating which two operated intrastate vs. the two that operated out of state.

I believe the air carriers operating intrastate services would have been Northern Consolidated Airlines (NCA) and Wien Air Alaska. The other two airlines flying out of state were probably Alaska Airlines and Pan American World Airways.

I understand NCA got its start in 1945 from the consolidation of seven small bush airlines. However, there is no mention of it in the 1948 OAG I reference and thus none of its schedules are published therein. I checked alphabetical airline listings as well as individual cities including both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Very strange... We'll include it though, and so we're looking for three intrastate airlines. Wien is one of them. There's one more...

Alaska Airlines was yet flying out of state, so that identifies the above third intrastate airline.

As to the two airlines flying beyond the state boundaries, Pan American was indeed one of them. We're still looking for one more though...

9. If you were traveling from the southernmost city to the northernmost city served by Capital Airlines, which cities would you be travelling between?

I think Capital had an operation in Michigan at one point so let's go with Sault Ste. Marie on the far northern end of its route system. And as for the southernmost city, it may have been not too far east of yours truly: New Orleans.

Correct! Alas, there were no direct fights however. A connection in Pittsburgh would have been required.

15B. After three gorgeous days in the City of Roses, we’re off to San Francisco, California. Although nonstop flights to SFO are available, we want to keep it interesting by utilizing two airlines we’ve not yet flown upon. We’ll begin by flying the first airline to the southernmost city in its route network. That same city represents the northernmost point in our connecting airline’s route network. Identify the airline we’ll be connecting to, the aircraft and the three-stop route flown from its northernmost city to San Francisco. Hint: The flight is marketed asThe San Francisco Express

Ah, this sounds like the predecessor of our old friend Pacific Air Lines: Southwest Airways. If so, aircraft was probably a DC-3 flying a routing of Medford-Crescent City-Arcata/Eureka-Ukiah-San Francisco.

Correct - right down to the entire routing and aircraft. Well done!
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 1:33 am
  #9659  
 
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1. In 1948, Fairbanks, Alaska was served by four airlines ... As to the two airlines flying beyond the state boundaries, Pan American was indeed one of them. We're still looking for one more though...
Was Canadian Pacific the other ? Possibly with a DC3.
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Old Jul 16, 2016, 2:05 am
  #9660  
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Originally Posted by WHBM
1. In 1948, Fairbanks, Alaska was served by four airlines ... As to the two airlines flying beyond the state boundaries, Pan American was indeed one of them. We're still looking for one more though...

Was Canadian Pacific the other? Possibly with a DC3.

Indeed it was! Here's the YVR-YXY-FAI schedule:

CP 1 Dept. YVR 215a Arr. YXY 755a Dept. YXY 825a Arr. FAI 1055a

No aircraft types are indicated anywhere on the CP schedules, however Vancouver to Whitehorse nonstop is 922 miles. Did the DC-3 have that kind of range?
Originally Posted by WHBM
For those not familiar with the North Star, it was based on the Douglas DC-4, but with significant changes...
^ ^
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