Go Back  FlyerTalk Forums > Miles&Points > Airlines and Mileage Programs > Singapore Airlines | KrisFlyer
Reload this Page >

The 'Best credit cards for KF miles accrual' master thread

Community
Wiki Posts
Search
Old Oct 31, 2014, 6:05 am
FlyerTalk Forums Expert How-Tos and Guides
Last edit by: lifeonthego_k
I'm going to update this first post as more info flows in to create a 'master list' of all credit cards that offer a decent way of accruing miles - so please help out!

If you know of and/or use any other cards (or the ones already mentioned), please share your thoughts.

***ALL VALUES BELOW IN SINGAPORE DOLLARS (SGD)***
============
In no particular order (apart from personal preference in terms of good-mileage opportunities):
============

1. UOB PRVI Miles VISA, MasterCard, AMEX

VISA:
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...iles_visa.html
MasterCard:
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...astercard.html
Amex:
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...amex_card.html
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...ard/microsite/



Mileage accrual:
The earn rate will be 1.4 miles for every $1 spent in multiples of S$10 (every multiple of S$5 gives 6 to 7 miles due to 3.5 UNI$ rounding off, every S$10 gives 14 miles), and 2.4 miles for every $1 spent OVERSEAS (every $5 gives 12 miles).

Requirements: min. income $80,000 (not strict).
Cost: First year free, then S$256.80 for main, first two supplementary always free. Annual fee waiver for Amex card if you charge $50,000 or more in a year.
Miles conversion fee: $25 per conversion. UNI$ are combined in 1 cardholder's name/FIN Number/NRIC together for all UOB cards which earn UNI$.

Pros: Best mileage accrual rates for overseas spend only. 20,000 bonus miles and annual fee waiver with spend of $50,000 per year (both only for Amex card). $45 1-way airport transfer voucher for $1,000 overseas spend in a given quarter (Amex only).
Cons: AMEX not always accepted by merchants. Points allocated on every $5 spent, rounded down to next $5. Transfer in blocks of 5000 UNI$ points = 10,000 miles. Points are valid for 2 years (transfer before expiry and they will subsequently be valid for a further 3 years from the date of transfer to KrisFlyer).

2. UOB Preferred Platinum Visa


http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards..._platinum.html
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...visa_card.html


Mileage accrual: Earn 4 miles for every $1 spent using ONLY MOBILE CONTACTLESS every $5 gives 10 UNI$ which equal 20 miles). Same incredible mileage-earning ratio for internet shopping with certain restrictions (travel-related, utilities, etc.). Earn 0.4 mile for every $1 for regular, signature-based payments AND ORPHAN SPEND DUE TO $5 ROUNDING OR EXCEEDING THE BONUS U$2000 SPEND (every $5 gives 1 UNI$ which equal 2 miles).

Earning 4 miles/$ is limited to the first S$1110 spent during the per calendar month (via Mobile Contactless). 2,000UNI$ refers to the extra 9UNI$ and does not include the normal 1UNI$.(Stop when you notice you earn 3UNI$ (1 + bonus 2) for the last S$5 transaction. ($1110/5)x9=1998UNI$, hence the last S$5 transaction will earn 2 bonus UNI$. The total bonus UNI$ awarded to you from qualifying spend on Selected Online Transactions and Mobile Contactless Transactions is capped at UNI$2,000 for each calendar month. THE CAP IS ON THE 9 UNI$ BONUS NOT 10UNI$ TOTAL YOU GET WITH BASE OF U$1 PER $ SPEND

Keep in mind that some merchants offer different, non-mileage accruing awards with UOB cards which are called SMART$. Some popular merchants include Cold Storage, Guardian and Giant Supermarket, ToastBox and Starbucks. A full list of merchants where Mobile contactless transactions will NOT earn miles can be found here:
http://www.uob.com.sg/personal/cards...smartclub.html

Requirements: min. income $30,000 ($60,000 for foreigners).
Cost: First year free, then $192.60 for main and $96.30 for supplementary. Annual fee waived off easily.
Miles conversion fee: $25 per conversion, in blocks of 5000 UNI$=10,000 miles. UNI$ are combined in 1 cardholder's name for all UOB cards.

Pros: Incredible mileage accrual rates for Paywave transactions (not all merchants - some give SMART$ instead which are different rewards!) as well as internet transactions (some restrictions apply).
Cons: Points allocated on every $5 spent, rounded down to next $5. Transfer in blocks of 5000 UNI$ points = 10,000 miles. Points are valid for 2 years (transfer before expiry and they will subsequently be valid for a further 3 years from the date of transfer to KrisFlyer).

3. Citi PremierMiles MasterCard

https://www.citibank.com.sg/credit-cards/travel/premiermiles-card/?ecid=PSGONSGCCAENPM

Mileage accrual: Earn 1.2 miles for every $1 spent. Earn 2 miles for every $1 spent OVERSEAS. 10,000 bonus miles for each annual membership renewal.

Requirements: min. income $50,000 for VISA. Principal cardholder must be at least 21 years of age.
Cost: First year free, then $192.60 for VISA main, supplementary always free. Annual fee waiver available in exchange for forfeiting the 10,000renewal bonus.
Miles conversion fee: $25 per conversion.

Pros: Decent all-rounder, good for overseas spend. Points never expire. Bonus miles for annual card renewal. 11 frequent flyer programs & 3 hotel programs to choose from, including EVA Air - only 25,000 miles for 1 way Business Class within Asia!!
Cons: No miles awarded for EZ-Link & Transitlink transactions. Miles awarded per S$1. Cents not included. 1.2 miles/S$1. Transfer in blocks of 10,000 miles.

4. DBS Altitude VISA/AMEX

http://www.dbs.com/sg/personal/cards...e/default.aspx
http://www.dbs.com/sg/personal/cards...e/default.aspx



Mileage accrual: Earn 1.2 miles for every $1 spent (every $5 gives 3 DBS points which equal 6 miles). Earn 2 miles for every $1 spent OVERSEAS.

Requirements: min. income $80,000.
Cost: First year free, then $180 for main and $90 for supplementary. Annual fee waiver if you charge $25,000 or more in a year.
Miles conversion fee: S$26.75 per transfer, redeem 1700 DBS points to waive off.

Pros: Points never expire. No rounding down transaction amount to nearest $5 (calculation is done as follows: DBS points = 'transaction amount' divided by 5, multiply by 3, after that round down to nearest whole number. Minimum spend is S$1.67. Each DBS point = 2 miles). Earn 3 miles per S$1 spent on all online Flight and Hotel transactions (capped at S$5,000 per month). 10,000 miles renewal bonus if you have to pay card renewal fees.
Cons: All local spend now down to 1.2 miles/$ (since Dec 1, 2013). AMEX not always accepted by merchants. Transfer in blocks of 5000 DBS points = 10,000 miles (on the plus side points don't expire). Per transfer of S$26.75, redeem 1700 DBS points to waive off.

5. Maybank Horizon Platinum Visa

http://info.maybank2u.com.sg/persona...visa-card.aspx



Earn 3.2 air miles (8X TREATS Points) with every dollar spent on dining, petrol, taxi fares and hotel bookings at Agoda.com/horizon
Earn 2 air miles (5X TREATS Points) with every dollar spent on air tickets, travel packages and foreign currency transactions, with a minimal S$300 in a calendar month

Earn 0.4 mile for every $1 spent elsewhere (1 mile for every $2.50 spent).

Requirements: min. income $30,000 ($80,000 for foreigners).
Cost: $150 for main, supplementary always free. Unsure of any annual fee waiver conditions.
Miles conversion fee: In blocks of 5,000 points to 2000 Asia Miles or KrisFlyer. S$26.75 fee applies.

Pros: Great for ticket purchases and overseas spend. Complimentary access to selected VIP airport lounges when you charge a minimum of S$400 in a single transaction on air tickets or travel packages to your Card 3 months prior to the date of travel.
Cons: Great ONLY for ticket purchases and overseas spend. Points are valid for 1 year only, expire either on 30 June or 31 December of the same year if not Rewards Infinite member.

6. Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Ascend AMEX

https://www.americanexpress.com/sg/s...nd-credit-card



Mileage accrual: Earn 1.2 KrisFlyer miles for every S$1 spent on all your eligible purchases with your Card

Earn 2 KrisFlyer miles for every S$1 equivalent in foreign currency spent overseas on eligible purchases during June and December

Requirements: min. income $50,000 ($60,000 for foreigners). Principal cardholder must be over 21 years of age.
Cost: First year free, otherwise $256.80 for main, 2 supplementary cards always free (more available at $80.25 each). Annual fee cannot be waived unless you spend alot.
Miles conversion fee: None - your KrisFlyer miles are transferred to your account directly with no conversion fees or charges.

Pros: None, except for welcome offers (4 complimentary airport lounge access vouchers, one complimentary night with Millennium Hotels and Resorts).

Cons: Simply nothing special - there are better cards available for all types of purchases, including flight tickets, even with all of the bonuses above applied. AMEX not always accepted by merchants.

7. Citibank Rewards Card

http://www.citibank.com.sg/gcb/credi...CACRENCCHOCALM



Earn 10X Rewards (10 Rewards Points or 4 Miles for every S$1 spent) when you shop for clothes, bags and shoes or at departmental stores or online shopping websites, including SingTel & M1 online bill payment!

Pros: Transfer to 11 FFPs & 3 Hotel programs in blocks of 25,000 points=10,000 miles; S$25 fee.

Cons: Points awarded per S$1 spend. Cents not included. Cannot combined Thank You Points across cards.

8. DBS Woman's World MasterCard® Card

http://www.dbs.com.sg/personal/cards...astercard-card



10X Rewards for Online Retail Purchases
T&C Here: https://www.dbs.com.sg/iwov-resource...s_card_tnc.pdf

Pros: Men also can get this card!! DBS points are combined in 1 cardholder's name. No rounding down transaction amount to nearest $5 (calculation is done as follows: DBS points = 'transaction amount' divided by 5, multiply by 10, after that round down to nearest whole number. Minimum spend is S$1. Each DBS point = 2 miles).

Cons: DBS points are valid for 1 year based on card anniversary date. The additional 9X DBS Points for online retail spend in a calendar month will be awarded on the 16th of the next calendar month. If the above days are not working days, the Points will be awarded on the next working day. The additional 9X DBS Points are only applicable to the first S$2,000 online retail spend every calendar month.

9. OCBC Titanium Rewards Card

https://www.ocbc.com/personal-bankin...astercard.html

10x OCBC$ on your shopping Local & Overseas Shopping Transactions, Local & Overseas Department Store Transactions and Local & Overseas Online Transactions.
The remaining 9 OCBC$ will be posted to the Card Account by the end of the next calendar month

https://www.ocbc.com/assets/pdf/card...ons.pdf?rand=1
10,000 KrisFlyer miles requires OCBC$ 25000, For each conversion of OCBC$ to KrisFlyer miles a fee of S$25 will be charged

10. UOB Lady's Card
https://www.uob.com.sg/personal/card...ard/index.page

============

Print Wikipost

The 'Best credit cards for KF miles accrual' master thread

Thread Tools
 
Search this Thread
 
Old Mar 12, 2013, 5:31 am
  #1156  
 
Join Date: Feb 2010
Posts: 819
Originally Posted by lingua101
Existing card holder. I thought overseas spending also got bonus?
I called up ANZ. They say the 2.8mile/S$1 is for new to ANZ cardholders only, meaning cannot hold any ANZ card when you apply for the ANZ Travel Card. Nvm, I will call them up to ask them to check on it. Thanks!
vsepr is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 6:21 am
  #1157  
 
Join Date: Feb 2010
Posts: 819
Originally Posted by lingua101
Then should redeem it before 1 May right
Yup, called AMEX hotline to confirm on this. Wef 01 May 2013, the rate for miles conversion is 1.8MR points = 1 mile. AMEX card getting worse. Their rewards points to redeem vouchers increase in 2013 and now the mileage rate also increase.
vsepr is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 7:42 am
  #1158  
 
Join Date: Aug 2003
Location: Singapore
Programs: SIA Solitaire PPS, IHG Royal Amb, Hyatt Globalist, Bonvoy Gold, Hilton Hhonor Gold
Posts: 2,208
HSBC Visa Infinite Card Singapore Promotion

Just received a flyer from HSBC. Promotion mechanism is as follows:

From 15 March to 30 April 2013, you will now receive 2 air miles for every S$1 charged in Singapore with HSBC Visa Infinite Card.

Simply spend a minimum of S$10,000 locally on your HSBC Visa Infinite card to qualify. You will still continue to enjoy 2 air miles for every S$1 spent overseas.

This privilege is available to only the first 100 primary cardholders who spend at least S$10,000 locally on their HSBC Visa Infinite Card. Upon satisfying the minimum spend criteria, SMS us at 74722 with VI2 <Space> Name <Space> NRIC

T&C:
- Excludes funds transfer, cash advance, finance charges, late charges, fees and tax payments via HSBC tax payment facility

- For this promotion, cardholder is eligible to receive up to a maximum of 62,500 Additional Points.

- Additional Points will be credited to eligible cardholder's account by 31 May 2013.
hclee01 is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 10:06 am
  #1159  
 
Join Date: Oct 2003
Location: Living in SIN™
Programs: TK/QR Gold, Marriott/Accor Plat, IC Dia Amb, Avis/Hertz PC
Posts: 6,706
So, with the income tax season coming up, is paying a lump sum using the DBS Altitude Visa at an AXS machine the best way to earn miles?
Savage25 is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 11:38 am
  #1160  
Original Poster
 
Join Date: Dec 2009
Location: Singapore, Warsaw, Surfers Paradise
Programs: KrisFlyer Gold>>>Silver>>>Blue, Finnair Silver, Royal Caribbean Diamond
Posts: 5,174
Originally Posted by hclee01
You will get 25,000 miles for the annual fee of S$535 paid. So if one is short of some miles, this can be one option to "buy" some miles cheaper than paying the top up via KrisFlyer.
In general I would take the Citi Prestige just for the annual fee that gives cheap miles, but as someone mentioned the relationship bonus is calculated annually so once again "thanks but no thanks, Citi."
aster is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 12:11 pm
  #1161  
Original Poster
 
Join Date: Dec 2009
Location: Singapore, Warsaw, Surfers Paradise
Programs: KrisFlyer Gold>>>Silver>>>Blue, Finnair Silver, Royal Caribbean Diamond
Posts: 5,174
Originally Posted by hclee01
I have just seen this note in my latest AMEX Plat Credit Card statement of account:

With effect from 1 May 2013, the points conversion rate for all participating Membership Rewards Frequent Flyer partners will be revised to 450 Membership Rewards points for 250 air miles. Visit americanexpress.com.sg/membershiprewards for more details.

This means that the conversion rate is worse off than before. Currently, based on the website, 1,600 points is required to redeem 1,000 miles. Going forward, you will need 1,800 points to redeem 1,000 miles.
Well it's no secret that most of us are not fans of directly-issued Amex cards (nor the KF ones). Seriously, the best deals have always revolved around other cards, and with this one just dropping down a notch you might want to consider switching.
aster is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 12:27 pm
  #1162  
Original Poster
 
Join Date: Dec 2009
Location: Singapore, Warsaw, Surfers Paradise
Programs: KrisFlyer Gold>>>Silver>>>Blue, Finnair Silver, Royal Caribbean Diamond
Posts: 5,174
Originally Posted by hclee01


If your transactions tend to be online transactions or at PayWave merchants, the UOB Preferred Visa Platinum Card will give good mileage rate.

Some of the PayWave Merchants:


Do note the conditions on the online transactions though:

UOB Preferred Platinum Visa Cardmembers will earn 10X UNI$ for every S$5 spent with online merchants with effect from 6 March 2013. Such online merchants includes merchants that fall within the categories of bookstores, cinemas, entertainment, electronics, fast food, music and retail shopping, BUT excludes all travel, hotels, airlines, government, utilities, brokerage/securities, insurance, education and online gaming websites.

http://www.uob.com.sg/assets/pdfs/pe...atinumVisa.pdf
Wow, is this for real as in not just a promo but something that is here to stay? It does say that you enjoy these privileges all year round so this really has to be good news. For as long as this card is offered that is, because they could always "do the Citi" on us and make it disappear from their current offer.

Visa PayWave is expanding rapidly and to be able to earn 4 miles/$ regardless of merchant but just due to payment method is absolutely exceptional. Plus I take it PayWave gives you up to $100 spend limits before you need to sign, which is much higher than the regular "no-signature" approach that some merchants use for Visa ($45 at Cold Storage).
aster is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 10:12 pm
  #1163  
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: SIN
Programs: TK-G | Accor P | SQ-G | Marriott T
Posts: 3,831
Originally Posted by hclee01
Just received a flyer from HSBC. Promotion mechanism is as follows:

From 15 March to 30 April 2013, you will now receive 2 air miles for every S$1 charged in Singapore with HSBC Visa Infinite Card.

Simply spend a minimum of S$10,000 locally on your HSBC Visa Infinite card to qualify. You will still continue to enjoy 2 air miles for every S$1 spent overseas.

This privilege is available to only the first 100 primary cardholders who spend at least S$10,000 locally on their HSBC Visa Infinite Card. Upon satisfying the minimum spend criteria, SMS us at 74722 with VI2 <Space> Name <Space> NRIC

T&C:
- Excludes funds transfer, cash advance, finance charges, late charges, fees and tax payments via HSBC tax payment facility

- For this promotion, cardholder is eligible to receive up to a maximum of 62,500 Additional Points.

- Additional Points will be credited to eligible cardholder's account by 31 May 2013.
The problem is my credit limit with them is not even $10,000!!!
lingua101 is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 10:18 pm
  #1164  
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: SIN
Programs: TK-G | Accor P | SQ-G | Marriott T
Posts: 3,831
Originally Posted by aster
In general I would take the Citi Prestige just for the annual fee that gives cheap miles, but as someone mentioned the relationship bonus is calculated annually so once again "thanks but no thanks, Citi."
Please boycott this card for now. I found it is redicoulous, as there is no "real" benefit for most of us. At least they should throw in limo service to airport like any other "elite" credit card. Of course, another perks such as throw in 2-4 times free MasterCard Airport Concierge annually will be great.

After all, the card cost $535 and the miles suppose to be a "gift" not buying it.
lingua101 is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 11:11 pm
  #1165  
 
Join Date: Apr 2011
Location: Singapore / India
Programs: SQ QPP, Hilton Diamond, IHG Platinum, Taj Inner Circle Gold
Posts: 639
Talking

Originally Posted by aster
Wow, is this for real as in not just a promo but something that is here to stay? It does say that you enjoy these privileges all year round so this really has to be good news. For as long as this card is offered that is, because they could always "do the Citi" on us and make it disappear from their current offer.

Visa PayWave is expanding rapidly and to be able to earn 4 miles/$ regardless of merchant but just due to payment method is absolutely exceptional. Plus I take it PayWave gives you up to $100 spend limits before you need to sign, which is much higher than the regular "no-signature" approach that some merchants use for Visa ($45 at Cold Storage).
I just looked at the website and it says 10x is also awarded for online transactions:

"Online shopping has never been more rewarding. Earn rewards faster with 10X UNI$ when you make purchases over the internet. Whether you are shopping for clothes, shoes, bags, electronic items, books or even paying for the latest app, movie tickets and your fast food delivery order online, you will earn 10 UNI$ for every S$5 spent. With the UNI$ earned, you can redeem for your rewards instantly at over 4,000 stores and restaurants islandwide with our Instant Rewards partners"

At first look, seems to be extremely generous, then there is the following T&C:

"Such online merchants
includes merchants that fall within the categories of bookstores, cinemas,
entertainment, electronics, fast food, music and retail shopping, BUT excludes all
travel, hotels, airlines, government, utilities, brokerage/securities, insurance,
education and online gaming websites."

But i.m.o still good overall and could easily be the best card out there at the moment.
SQueeze is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 11:16 pm
  #1166  
 
Join Date: Oct 2011
Posts: 143
Originally Posted by aster
In general I would take the Citi Prestige just for the annual fee that gives cheap miles, but as someone mentioned the relationship bonus is calculated annually so once again "thanks but no thanks, Citi."
Just curious but why is the relationship bonus being calculated annually a bad thing?
Archieflyer is offline  
Old Mar 12, 2013, 11:38 pm
  #1167  
Original Poster
 
Join Date: Dec 2009
Location: Singapore, Warsaw, Surfers Paradise
Programs: KrisFlyer Gold>>>Silver>>>Blue, Finnair Silver, Royal Caribbean Diamond
Posts: 5,174
Originally Posted by SQueeze
At first look, seems to be extremely generous, then there is the following T&C:

"Such online merchants
includes merchants that fall within the categories of bookstores, cinemas,
entertainment, electronics, fast food, music and retail shopping, BUT excludes all
travel, hotels, airlines, government, utilities, brokerage/securities, insurance,
education and online gaming websites."

But i.m.o still good overall and could easily be the best card out there at the moment.
True, the lack of 4 miles/$ for online spend on travel is a drawback to the online benefits of this card, though at least it pays to shop online using this card to get 4 miles/$ on foreign spend conducted this way...

I agree though that this is probably going to be the most valuable card out there to add to one's portfolio of CCs. Not so long ago we were crying over Citi pulling it's Platinum card that gave 2 miles/$ on supermarket spend and here we are with a card that gives an astronomical 4 miles.
aster is offline  
Old Mar 13, 2013, 12:38 am
  #1168  
 
Join Date: Dec 2012
Posts: 33
Originally Posted by vsepr
I called up ANZ. They say the 2.8mile/S$1 is for new to ANZ cardholders only, meaning cannot hold any ANZ card when you apply for the ANZ Travel Card. Nvm, I will call them up to ask them to check on it. Thanks!
Don't think so. I clarified a few times and read the terms of conditions before I signed up. If you're an existing cardholder you're not eligible for the bonus miles, but the 2.8 miles / $1 for overseas spend applies regardless if you're an existing cardholder or not.
Gymrat76 is offline  
Old Mar 13, 2013, 2:01 am
  #1169  
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: SIN
Programs: TK-G | Accor P | SQ-G | Marriott T
Posts: 3,831
Originally Posted by Gymrat76
Don't think so. I clarified a few times and read the terms of conditions before I signed up. If you're an existing cardholder you're not eligible for the bonus miles, but the 2.8 miles / $1 for overseas spend applies regardless if you're an existing cardholder or not.
I remember I called them that was told the existing cardholder is not eligible for bonus (2,000 points or miles) but the rest should be the same.

The 2.8 miles should be calculated as per transaction right? i.e. monthly. so not sure what other bonus we are talking
lingua101 is offline  
Old Mar 13, 2013, 3:05 am
  #1170  
 
Join Date: Dec 2012
Posts: 33
Originally Posted by lingua101
I remember I called them that was told the existing cardholder is not eligible for bonus (2,000 points or miles) but the rest should be the same.

The 2.8 miles should be calculated as per transaction right? i.e. monthly. so not sure what other bonus we are talking
I just checked the website and its been changed! I'm very sure that it never mentioned new cardholder before for the 2.8 miles and I even asked 2-3 different CSO's including the guys manning the ANZ roadshow. That was rather sneaky of them.

Will call them to verify again, because I specifically applied for this card and used extensively during my Feb trip

Never saw this clause before for the 2.8 miles only for the bonus miles (2,000 miles):
+Open to new Principal Cardmembers who successfully apply for an ANZ Travel Visa Signature Credit Card from 29 July 2012 to 5 March 2013. All applications must be approved by the Bank by 15 March 2013. The maximum number of Travel$ which can be awarded under the Promotion will be limited to 14,000 Travel$ per Principal Cardmember per calendar month. Approved Cardmembers with any retail spend in any foreign currency other than Singapore Dollars before 31 March 2013 will be eligible to receive 2.8 air miles per S$1 equivalent of overseas spend. 1 Travel$ = 1 air mile.
Gymrat76 is offline  


Contact Us - Manage Preferences - Archive - Advertising - Cookie Policy - Privacy Statement - Terms of Service -

This site is owned, operated, and maintained by MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. Copyright © 2024 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. All rights reserved. Designated trademarks are the property of their respective owners.