Unless you're using the Czech O2 SIM that Airalo resells, Airalo eSIMs don't have a phone number at all. (And the O2 plan would have a Czech phone number, which probably won't work to get American 2FA texts)

If you want to avoid paying for a day of roaming, you need to use either wifi calling or IMS with your Verizon plan to get the SMS code, which is presumably being sent to your usual Verizon number.