While I've never worked at a Hilton-branded property, every other brand in which I worked had accounting mechanisms to ensure that Corporate gets reimbursed for these types of payouts. Anything penalty shown in the Terms and Conditions will be paid by the hotel in one manner or another.

That said, sometimes Corporate will hand out points as a service recovery gesture if they think the hotel isn't acting appropriately to a situation they created. Since that's subjective, the hotel will not be charged.

Incidents of that nature are noted and included as part of the annual review of each hotel. A single instance wouldn't mean anything. But, multiple instances of lack of response to legitimate guest concerns could help push a hotel out of the chain. In my experience, it would be extremely odd for a hotel to have poor service recovery responses and no other problems. Basically, if a hotel refuses to address guest complaints, they probably are deficient in many other areas. Multiple problems makes it much easier for a hotel to get the boot from the chain.