A person can be legally domiciled in some US locality even as the person is legally resident outside the US. This comes up, for example, for US citizens who have moved abroad without any physical residential ties to the US or who are born abroad under such circumstances. The terminology may not be exact, but there is a legal difference in practice under some circumstances in the US.

Also, due to British colonialism, there is at least one other example where it's possible for a person to be domiciled in a jurisdiction while not being considered resident thereof by the former British colony's UK-recognized national government. I won't say more about that.

Some civil law countries may also have a distinction, as in a place of origin may be considered the place of domicile while the place of actual physical residence for legal purposes may be different than the place of domicile.