My 1 miles worth...
I acutally tried to do something like this inadvertently about 4 years ago with United and Air Canada.
I had a UA trip booked under my AC FF# through my travel agent. I travelled the trip after handing in my MP card at the united check-in. The check-in agent did catch the difference in the numbers (the good 'ole days of United). I got back and noticed that I hadn't gotten it on my statement after a couple of months.
I called United and gave them the ticket # (the 016...). A week or so later I got an email that the flight was already creditted (it was on my AC plan). They are still stranded in my AC account.
Cheers.