Yes, but it is potentially messy. I have Thai friends who live in NZ and hold NZ passports as well as thier Thai PP. They depart NZ on NZ PP and enter Thailand on Thai PP to avoid having to get a visa, especially if on a long stay.

The entry immigration folk could rightly ask why there is no departure stamp and, more importantly for the US, why the API (Advance Passenger Information I think) is different to the departure API ('coz PP numbers would be different, even though all else is that same).