I meant when I resided over there in the early 80's I had a German permit. But you are right, I was not a first timer back then either. As I recall though, I had to take some special classes to learn the signs, laws, etc. I am not sure what the cost was, but I think it was low. As I recall, the written test was much more difficult than what I have taken in US states.

Today, when I go to Europe I just use the US permit and also carry an IDP.

M8