You were given a 10,000yen note with a portrait of Shotoku Taishi? Was this given to you by a legitimate bank or money exchange agency?
(I can hardly believe it).

The information on the Bank Of Japan PDF indicates that the Shotoku Taishi note has not been issued since 1986. That's a very OLD note. The currency has been re-designed at least twice since then. I can't remember when I last saw a Shotoku Taishi note...

My guess is that there's a chance that you could take the note into a Japanese bank and they might check that it isn't a fake and then exchange it for a current note. But you cannot expect any store in Japan to accept that note.

I would refuse that note.

You should take that note back to whoever gave it to you and insist on receiving some up-to-date currency. (or get a refund).