Well, it looks like I get bonus toppings on my pizza, and I didn't even have to ask!
I went down to the Boston CTO this morning, and asked them to peer into my reservation. After some puzzlement (and me explaining to the agent what had happened last night), she told me that the ticket had been reissued at $312.51, and even managed to print me out a receipt to this effect (she wouldn't give me a copy of my PNR, though). I then told her that I was concerned that my card would be charged $547.51 rather than $312.51, to which she responded, "Oh no, I wouldn't be worried about that, because it looks like they charged your card for both $547.51 and $312.51 (!!!). Don't worry, though, the $235 credit is also in here. See what gets posted to your credit card."
I just called Diners Club, and nothing has been posted to my card as of yet. Who knows, I might now be paying $625.02 for this ticket...