I have a trip coming up later in the year, where a friend with a US passport is in a similar situation as you. The only difference is that we're on a CDG-PVG. I checked with several contacts within AFKL, and after many queries the answer that came back was that in principle it should work. But, since at CDG it isn't AFKL staff that does the visa/passport check, no one was able to provide an absolute guarantee. So, my friend decided to invest in a Chinese visa, just to be safe.

On a personal note, many years ago I had to do a AMS-XMN-ICN trip on a visa required passport. XMN did not have transit facilities, which meant we were required to enter China and about 6hrs later come back in to take the onward flight. There was a very little known rule that allowed entry into China without a visa, and I decided to carry print outs with me. The boarding staff in AMS took about 15 mins extra to verify the rule, and then I was on my way. This isn't the same as the 240hr TWOV, but it seems the staff is willing to do the necessary checks.