Are you using a Google voice or other VOIP number?

That will cause this issue, as Chase no longer allows them for verification, but the system makes it seem like it will work, as it does send you a code. Chase changed allowing you to sign up for codes with VOIP numbers a while back, but what they didn't do, is go through and force people with a previously registered number to update theirs. Change your numbers associated with those accounts to an actual cell phone provider, and not a VOIP.