Hotels can pretty much charge you whatever they want in these situations and since your device had an issue even if it was caused by a fault in their electrical system or something you probably have no way out of paying this. The table may have cost $200 but if they want to charge you $650 for it, they can.

Hotels carry insurance of their own for damages though since this is a swap out of a fixture that insurance may not count (say your device fire spread to the carpet/walls etc. then I'd guess the hotel would be looking at an insurance claim). Then the hotel's insurer would come after you. And they'd get you for "loss of use" I am sure as well.

I hate to say pay the $650 and move on, but, I'm going to say it.

I had a situation in the past where the freestanding lamp in the room shattered and fell apart. There was some kind of event outside the hotel which was very loud and the building which had floor to ceiling windows was shaking. Lamp right next to the window. I wasn't anywhere near the lamp when it happened but I fully expected to be charged. The maintenance came and looked at it and said he had "never seen anything like this before." The General Manager said he'd never seen that happen before either but acknowledged it was very loud, acknowledged there was vibration from the noise, and agreed not to charge me for the lamp. I could tell he was really trying to size up if I destroyed the lamp, but he must have trusted that I didn't. Or maybe he looked at my record on Hilton and saw I'd never had any room damage claims before. But in theory, they could have charged me and what proof would I have had to fight it?