The Museum of Islamic Art is open most evenings around 9pm. Check it's website for times. A truly iconic building, enormous spaces, beautifully curated, and with outdoor terraces from which there are spectacular views of the waterfront. Take taxi, metro or walk from Souq Waqif. Tickets can be purchased online in advance but no need - just show up and buy ticket at the door.
Qatar National Library, accessible easily via metro, is also worth a visit. Another iconic (and well used) building. Check opening times on its website. Great exhibition downstairs, with many photos and priceless manuscripts, of early days in the region. And a beautifully cool place in summer.