At one point years ago, I remember seeing people with TWOV stickers at US airports? Maybe things changed after 9/11? How are the fifth freedom flights handled now? For example, EK is starting DXB-MIA-BOG.
Since OP's friend can't get any visa, including the Transit C-1, I guess no US transit.
Even with a visa, once can be denied entry if the officer suspects one might stay.