Following up on this,
I contacted Leumi, but they were unaware of the bonus miles.
The same situation occurred when I called United (Israel). This is typical.
However, after chatting with the US customer service, they assured me that I would receive the 15,000 bonus miles in my General account within 6 weeks, given that I meet the program qualifications.
Today, I'm pleased to report that the bonus miles have indeed been credited. While United isn't currently flying from Israel, I remain optimistic about future progress.
proof!