I don't think any other airline lounges accept a United Club one-day pass. If any were to do so, it might be the Star Alliance (*A) lounges, operated by *A itself -- not the lounges of another *A carrier. [Edit: No, they don't.]

In contrast to the one-day passes sold by UA, there are also one-time passes issued to certain UA-branded credit card holders (two annually), notably the Explorer Card in the U.S. Those certainly are not accepted anywhere but in a United Club.