I would’ve thought some acquirers push DCC proactively, unrequested by merchants or their staff, using the power of involuntary opt-in to achieve unjust enrichment.

Absent card network enforcement, or merchants using their negotiating power to get banks to remove this feature (provided they care about the customer experience), customers are burdened to opt out or seek recompense from their issuer banks.

Post-pandemic, multi-currency products like Revolut seem to be a passive-aggressive defence against Dynamic Currency Conversion (much like noise cancelling headgear is a defence against people not using headphones and “brave” headphone jack abolition where to write to cx to get them to implement a silent mobile device policy ).