Are there usually multiple management companies? This phenomenon seems to be more and more common; I assume that one benefit is an economy of scale -- you can have multiple brands appealing to a wider range of customers (to a greater extent than you could with a club floor for example) with some common facilities such as a single central kitchen or functions like sales, maintenance, housekeeping, and back-office. Maybe mundane things too like larger-volume purchasing for items used at all of the brands. It could be the same management company even if it were different brand owners, like a couple of your examples.