How so ? Would you please articulate which points are not applicable to global airline alliances? Perhaps there is some overlap? Let us then suppose so , then my hat off to you for bringing that to the attention of the community.

Consider that global airline alliance members also enter into joint ventures in addition to being part of a global alliance, so there indeed would be some overlap of “cost disadvantages “ for either scenario.

Have a read on this article on Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/benbald...y-airline/amp/ on their take of costs associated with joining a global airline alliance or this other one from CAPA https://centreforaviation.com/analys...--part-3-54372 , see if you spot anything that may also tie in with a joint venture.