There is a lot to unpack here.
3-D Secure is a protocol which relies on 3 entities—the payment card issuer (Chase, BofA, Capital One, etc.), payment card brand (MasterCard, Visa, AMEX, etc.) and the merchant payment processor/gateway. When you see Visa Secure (Verified by Visa), Mastercard Identity Check (Mastercard Secure Code), etc., this is the card brand's own implementation of the 3-D Secure protocol.
Aside from this, 3-D Secure has multiple versions, mainly 3-D Secure 1.0.2 (3DS 1 for short) and EMV 3DS (3-D Secure 2.0/2.1/2.2/2.3)
With 3DS 1 designed in the early 2000s for transactions made on computers, 3DS 1 was not comprehensive for collecting additional information about the transaction and just required a static password as an additional factor of authentication. This was extended to include SMS based one time passwords down the road in limited regions. Due to the shortcoming of the old protocol, and enactment of government regulations in various countries (such as PSD2/SCA in European Union), the card brands announced that online payments which require an additional factor for authentication will shift to the latest EMV 3DS protocol. Because this is a drastic shift from the original version of 3-D Secure, EMV 3DS is not backwards compatible with 3DS 1.
Because of this pitfall, the card issuer and merchant payment processor/gateway both need to be using EMV 3DS. As you may know, in the financial industry, technology is improved at a rapid pace, and banks and especially merchants payment gateways have been putting off this upgrade. Card issuers in the United States and European Union have been quite swift with upgrading their authentication to EMV 3DS around the middle of last year.
However, the payment processors/gateways have not been swift with upgrading to EMV 3DS in all regions. Transactions in the United States typically don't go through 3-D Secure unless it's a high value transaction, and with PSD2/SCA regulations in the European Union, payment processors/gateways were basically forced to support the new EMV 3DS. Unfortunately, this hasn't been the case for a large number of Asian countries. For example, India and Japan primarily use 3-D Secure 1.0.2 and card issuers who upgraded their card to EMV 3DS receive various errors such as "Card not enrolled". The bank will also be unaware of the transaction because it was short-circuit by the payment processor when they realized your card didn't support 3DS 1. However, if they were updated to look at if your card was enrolled in 3DS 2, then you would be able to continue with the authentication.
Because of this staggered upgrade across regions, the major card brands announced deadlines for 3-D Secure implements to be compliant with EMV 3DS. By the end of October 2022, all card brands will discontinue 3-D Secure 1.0.2 for most regions.
In October 2023:
Visa will deprecate 3DS 1 for India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (EMV 3DS is still required before Oct 2023 for international cards)
Mastercard will deprecate 3DS 1 for India and Bangladesh
American Express will deprecate 3DS 1 in India
TLDR; Hopefully these issues start to subside after October 2022.
As an aside: Most banks actually outsource their implementation of 3-D Secure to third-party companies. A good chunk of card issuers in the United States use Cardinal Commerce. Fun fact, Capital One likes to do things on their own and developed their own implementation.