I think Chase may use more than 1 system, depending on the type of verification. I definitely have a Google Voice number and was checking past text messages and found this example:

Thank you for adding your Chase credit card to your digital wallet. Please use this one-time activation code to complete enrollment: 971135

However, I also recall not being able to get other alerts/verifications through Google Voice. It is hard for me to pinpoint an exact instance, since it always offers me the opportunity to send verifications to my email as well. However, I don't think Google Voice works for all Chase notifications, including unlocking your account/username/password or, in the OPs case, activating a new card.