AA typically takes 2-3 business days to post flight activity. AA.com makes you wait two weeks to use the automated system for requesting missing mileage, but in my experience, if it's not there in well under a week, it won't be there at all (unless you do something about it).

Their oneWorld partners - at least BA and QF, the only ones I've used enough to see a pattern - seem to take about the same time.

Non-airline partners are all over the map. One stay at the Vienna Hilton posted almost exactly a year later. I had totally forgotten about it; it posted with no action on my part to ask where my miles were.