I think OP has a case. Here's what TIMATIC says:

Document validity rules:

Passports and other documents accepted for entry must be valid for a minimum of 6 months from the arrival date.When applying for a visa on arrival, normal passports issued to nationals of India must be valid for a minimum of 30 days from the arrival date

Nationals of India with a normal passport traveling as tourists can obtain a visa on arrival at Bangkok (BKK and DMK), Chiang Mai (CNX), Chiang Rai (CEI), Hat Yai (HDY), Krabi (KBV), Phuket (HKT), Samui Int'l (USM), Sukhothai Int'l (THS), Surat Thani (URT) and Utapao (UTP) for a maximum stay of 15 days. They must have a confirmed return/onward ticket with a departure within 15 days from arrival date, 1 recent passport photo and at least THB 10,000.- per person (or THB 20,000.- per family). Their passport must contain at least 1 unused visa page and the visa fee must be paid in cash only and in THB.
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OP said that he/she met the VAO condition (assuming) on an Indian passport. This is a case of denial of boarding because Go Air got it wrong.

Also OP said that they were being prevented from travel for a GoI rule requiring you to have a 6 month visa for travel. I don't think there is any such rule either.

Sue their pants of OP! G8 is absolutely responsible for denial of boarding.

Cleartrip/Smartbuy etc. capturing passport information really has no bearing on anything. In all likelyhood they don't even share this data with the airlines. Not that doing this would guarantee you a seat.