It can depend on a lot of things. Some 13xxxx numbers are used to route the call to the destination geographically closest to the call origin, such as some pizza companies. That is not going to work for calls from overseas - but then again I don't think they have a need to accept calls from overseas! That routing is done by the originating exchange and not based on CLI.

Different overseas phone companies have different entry points into the Telstra network depending on their local relationships. So it is possible that a call originating from AT&T will be handled differently to a call originated from Sprint.

I just tried calling 011 61 131131 and 011 61 131211 from my US IP Phone. Neither was connected. But I was able to dial into an Optus Teleconference number as 011 61 1300 xxx xxx. I suspect I am experiencing the PABX not recognising the short 6 digit Australian number as being complete (see below).

The other thing that can be getting in the way is PABX intelligence (or lack of). Some expect a certain number if digits before passing the call to the exchange. And it is quite probably that many US-based PABX's have been programmed to expect an international number (in the US prefixed by 011) to be 14 digits long 14 or 15 digits long, and may not recognise an 11 digit number as being complete. In that case you won't even get a message back from Telstra indicating their inability to deliver the call, normally you will just get a timeout beep from the PABX.

However, you can always use the + 61 (3) 9658 5302 number published by QF for use in "other countries". That number, when called from the USA dumps you into the same IVR asking for your FF number - I just tested it.