Not a restaurant charge per se but I have filed a dispute with Chase before. One of the questions they'll ask is whether you tried to resolve it with the merchant first. It doesn't sound like you did (unless I missed something), so it may be more of a challenge. I imagine they'd be able to see on their end what the original charge was, though.
(BTW paying at the table would help prevent stuff like this but I doubt we'll get it any time soon on a widespread basis.)