You'll want to familiarize yourself with the
Star Alliance partner earnings page. Each type of MP credit is handled slightly differently:
Award miles (RDM) are awarded based on the cost of your ticket and Premier status, if issued on 016 stock, and based on flight distance and fare class otherwise (see charts).
Status miles (PQM and/or PQS) are based on flight distance according to the charts. Note that your ticket must be eligible for RDM to be eligible for PQM. Note that some fare classes give partial PQM and zero PQS (although PQS is usually not what you're going for if crossing oceans).
PQD are earned only if your ticket is issued on 016 stock.