No technically you're flying American Airlines as the flight is operated by AA. As for AA metal it doesn't matter what flight number is on there.
That's also below the chart:
Travel ticketed as an American Airlines marketed flight (booked as an AA flight number) and operated by Gulf Air will earn AAdvantage base miles and elite qualifying miles, points and segments according to the AA mileage accrual chart.
So I'm not really sure whether you'll earn miles according to the AA accrual chart as it doesn't state Middle East as a qualifying region. As per Gulf Air's accrual chart there's NO accrual for TATL flights.
Just give them a call and inquire.
As for the exceptions, that's a standard part of the accrual site. For example, if you click to Jet Airways, you'll find the following beneath the chart:
Exceptions
Flights between the U.S. and Brussels are not eligible for earning miles.
Flights operated by JetLite are not eligible for earning miles.