Leroy: I didn't say LHR was a UA hub. It is not. I called it a non-us gateway. My point is that there are many UA flight #s (whether they are UA planes or not) that connect out of LHR to the rest of europe (to hook up with the flights coming nonstop from all of the US hubs minus DEN but plus JFK). The same used to apply to FRA, but apparantly due to *A pressure, more and more of those LH flights are no longer carrying UA flight #s ...

Similar in NRT, but there are also actual UA aircraft going onward from NRT to BKK, PEK, SEL, HKG, SIN, etc.

Derek: maybe this would make an interesting appendix to your paper