Some conflicting suggestions (cf the wikipost): France24 are quoting an AF A320 pilot's theory that the icing of the AoA probes is responsible on its
live update page.
Originally Posted by My Translation of France24
According to Thierry Le Bailly, A320 pilot at Air France, the theory of frozen Angle of Attack probes, which calculate the aircraft's angle of incidence, seems "very likely".
"If these probes get blocked during the ascent, the probes send false information to the calculators, and this risks an activation of the aircraft's protection systems, even through the aircraft is flying very well," he explained to France 24.
"The protection systems will lower the aircraft, preventing the pilot from righting the aircraft unless he switches off the calculators in question, in which case he will regain authority over the flight command systems, and redresses the aircraft."
Wild speculation on the pilot's part?