If you can afford to clear your profile, go to %LOCALAPPDATA%\Google\Chrome and rename the User Data folder to something else. That %LOCALAPPDATA% should expand to C:\Users\cblaisd\AppData\Local. If Chrome starts, you can restore the files and folders to User Data one by one and see what is the culprit.
There is an option in Chrome to keep Chrome running in the background that may be causing the Chrome process to persist. It is used by apps like GMail to notify you on the desktop.