The golf ball test is a real thing. The "Damage Evaluator" is on every clipboard at Enterprise and shows the standards they hold to when writing a damage report. It's also called the "e-tool" (heh... tool).
It's very simple -- if you know this is the same damage you reviewed with the agent when you took the vehicle, dispute the claim. Call the branch, calmly ask who their Risk Manager is and get their contact information. If you can't get to that person, get the Regional Manager's information. If you can't get to that person, get the Regional Vice President's information. Do not let the branch tell you that you have to speak with the Damage Recovery Unit -- they do not make the decision on whether or not to pursue for claims, the Risk Supervisor/Manager does. I assure you, the more matter of fact you are and the more you reiterate that you want to keep renting with Enterprise AND National (they're the same company, remember?) then the better chance you have of getting this to go away.
Biggest thing to point out is that you returned it, did the walk-around with the employee, they gave you a receipt and you left, and THEN they came and got you and told you there was damage. That's a no-no.
Truth be told, based on the pictures they're not going to repair that scratch, and if they do they'll buff it out. Regardless, dispute it and you should be fine.
Good luck! Let us know how it works out for you.