I do not know if there is a complete list of Ateji (当て字). Since use of katakana become norm for foreign words (外来語), Ateji is not in use every day any more in Japan. My understanding is that Ministry of Education of Japan does not include Ateji as a part of the curriculum, hence the reason Ateji is not taught at public schools in Japan. Because of that many Japanese dictionaries (国語辞典, 漢和辞典) no longer list Ateji these days. My guess is that many native Japanese consider Ateji as more of slang that it is unofficial or old way of writing foreign words.

My guess is that to make a complete list of Ateji, one have to go to libraries, dig out old documents and look up how it was written before WW II.

I think Ateji for cabbage comes from 球 as sphere where spherical shape of cabbage, not as Ryuukyuu (琉球) of Okinawa Islands.