Jalinth

It depends on the country. Generally the laws are biased towards not making pilot error criminal as otherwise pilots involved in an accident will immediately (and properly) lawyer up and stop talking to anyone. But some things will lead to criminal charges - alcohol or drug use being one, reckless disregard being another.

Here is an FAA paper that gives some generalities and trends and why criminalization can be problematic FAA Paper

As a more general note, criminalization is becoming a larger and larger problem. I've met a few US lawyers who deal with criminal matters and they say that most of the US population could be convicted of a felony as so many "crimes" exist. One mentioned that in Texas, more than a dozen exist just dealing with shellfish. It just depends whether a prosecutor wants to go after you.