I'm not saying it wasn't an attempted theft, but there are explanations of what might have happened.
I'm not sure about Germany, but most of the AM staff that actually clean rooms work 800 - 16 or 1700.
The person that cleaned your room may have left the bag on a cart (not in the cleaning room). They could have turned it in to a supervisor, that supervisor put it down somewhere that isn't custom and forgot to log it.
Did you leave your contact info with the hotel before you left? If you didn't, they might have had trouble getting in contact with you.