Yes, you should be able to.
Back Up Plan A: I believe Marhaba offers a paid service where it takes your bags and re-checks them for you while your remain airside.
Back Up Plan B: Go to a transfer desk on arrival in DXB and say help! my bags are checked to DXB but I don't have a visa. They should be able to arrange to have bags re-tagged. This is based only on anecdotal evidence, however.