For USA-bound flights, security is at the gate. IME they are unlikely to close the aircraft door when they see people in line for the security questions etc., although the Dutch security folks don't like late people, so you should probably volunteer that you ran from your connecting flight.

Try to get the AMS-ORD boarding pass at CDG but if this fails, look for the special line or number dispenser for elites and premium cabin passengers at the transit desk area to minimize any waiting.