Welcome.

Well, there is nothing like asking the most difficult question first. Deciphering airline fare and yield management is among the most arcane of science.

So, little grasshopper:

Every airline uses different codes. Only a very few are standard:

P,F are both full fare first class (UA uses both to distinguish between 3-class and 2-class F within North America)
A is discount first class, but some carriers use it to show the non-revenue FC inventory

J is full fare business class.
C is full fare business class on carriers that don't use J (like UA), but is discount business on carriers that use J (like AC)

D is either discount business class or non-rev business class.

Y is full fare economy, but some carriers use M or S.

Usually there are anywhere between 4 and 8 categories of economy fares in the inventory, which are subject to increasing levels of restriction as you go along.

On AC, the fares, in decreasing level of comfort, go:

J C
Y M B H V Q L

Reward ticket inventories are in D and W.

But on UA, for example, economy runs

Y B M H Q V W S T K L

(The last five are special fare types like inclusive tours, groups, etc.)

So the short answer is there is no pamphlet or book. Alas.