The Schiphol trains run all night, so you've nothing to worry about on that front.

The closest OK hotels to CS are the Ibis, Doubletree and Victoria, which are meh, expensive and middling at best, respectively. Prices are hugely variable, depending on tourists and conferences - I used to travel there weekly and regularly saw a hotel vary from €100 to €300 on a week by week basis.

However, there are few places in central Amsterdam that aren't in easy reach of the main station, by foot, tram, metro or train. Personally, I'd do PL or a search and see what came back, then look at what was relatively close.

Also, I'd tend to avoid the US chains. With some notable exceptions, they are poor and overpriced, relying on the must-stay-at-this-chain-at-all-costs business crowd.