But in many cases that is an actual falsehood. In the cases of Brazil and Turkey, while their nationals required visas, they were free of charge, in both cases it was they who started the visa fee reciprocity wars. Argentina is a bit more complex as there was a period until a decade ago when Argentina was a visa waiver country, after their economy collapsed, their citizens violated their stays in the US almost en masse (from less than 1% overstaying to 40% in less than 16 months IIRC) so the US required them to have visas, they reciprocated and you have the situation that we are in today. India, China and Russia are interesting ones as the Chinese extort visas fees from almost every single nationality, often higher than visas the other way around. India is all about straight reciprocity, but at least they have adjusted it so that the possible validities are the same (they issue up to 10 years for US citizens), while the Russians are the worst as they rarely give more than a dual entry for 3 months, charge a hell of a lot for it, and for longer visas require AIDS tests and all sorts of baloney.