Oliver, your age puts you in a slightly different catagory. Basically, you are entitled to greater protection than older people.
Should any authority figure become adverserial with you, you have a right to remain silent until your parents are available to advocate for you. I suggest you avail yourself of this right. All Americans have the right to remain silent, but few have the wisdom to.
If you encounter some difficulty in your travels, you have a greater claim to assistance than an adult would. If you're delayed and have no adequate shelter, security or food, by all means notify the airline. If they don't help, turn to the police.
As for your other rights, well those are "unalienable". Simply put, they exist whether you are permitted the free exercise of them or not. On the other hand, sometimes insisting on your rights is not in your best interests. It would be wise for you and your parents to discuss how you should respond to incursions on your rights.
Should you submit to a patdown? Should you submit to a scan? If so, which type? What should you do if your belongings are stolen, broken or confiscated by the TSA? What if you're delayed by the TSA. An appropriate set of contingency plans should be mapped out by you and your parents ahead of time. If you were my son I would ask you to decline any "private" patdowns or interviews, but that's just me.
It is wise to remember that families are teams. When a young person finds himself in conflict with authorities, s/he should insist that his/her parents be notified, and decline to answer questions until the parent is involved. It actually takes great presence of mind and maturity to resist pressure from authorities to "cooperate", so don't imagine it's "childish". It takes nerves of steel. It is also your very best shot at a conflict resolution that honers your rights, so hang tough. Until your team is assembled, don't take the field.
It would also be wise for you and your parents to discuss ways that you could avoid potential conflict with authority figures. You can travel with as few possessions as possible, and be well informed of the rules. Little things like not carrying the latest item the TSA is "cracking down" on and buying your beverages after you get through the checkpoint can save a lot of hassles. You may choose to send your electronics and valuables by UPS to your destination. Conflict avoidance is a legitimate self-defense strategy. The best "self-defense experts" don't win fights, they win by not fighting.
I hope you have a safe and uneventful trip.