It depends on a lot of things.

If the card was canceled, but everything was moved to a card with a new number, the bank may process it against the new card. I was stunned the first time I saw that happen.

If that doesn't happen then it depends on the hotel. Some hotels run the cards for the holds before you arrive, in which case if they are full, you may be out a room. A Hampton in Dallas did that to me once, the expiration date had changed, and when they couldn't run it, so they just canceled me and gave the room away (I think they were able to do the room for full rack, so they just went looking for people to walk).

If the hotel runs the card when you are checking in, just give them another card.

You don't say which chain, but Hilton allows you go to into the reservation and change the credit card number. Check that, if not then give them a call. It would probably work out either way, but it is better they have valid information just in case.