As graraps notes, the general answer is at many but not all. Considering China as a whole the answer is really at well less than half - but assuming that you'll be in reasonably developed places then you'll have no problems finding a cash machine to accept your card. I've always found the best bet to be China Merchants Bank on the basic that all their machines seem to accept international cards. The rest of the big banks (Bank of China, China Construction Bank, ICBC, Agricultural Bank of China) have plenty of machines that do accept International cards, but also plenty that don't.

Whilst I don't know the terms of your debit card - usually a debit card is the better option anyway for getting cash out of an ATM.