In my experience, there is no absolute ranking that is valid for each and every hotel.
However, maybe the following guidelines can help you with selecting an appropriate room:

In general, superior and deluxe rooms are mostly about the size of the room, e.g.:
1. classic - small/standard size room
2. superior - medium size room
3. deluxe - large room
4. junior suite - very large room, sometimes 1.5 or 2 rooms
5. senior suite - very large, with at least 2 rooms
6. diplomatic suite - even larger...
7. presidential/royal suite - ...

On the other hand, executive and club rooms are mostly about amenities, e.g. club lounge access, free water, free internet, free minibar, other included benefits...
Sometimes, they are combined with the above terms, e.g. deluxe club room.

The above naming scheme seems to be popular with European (and sometimes Asian) properties. My experience with U.S. properties is a bit too limited to draw that conclusion yet.

As always, YMMV.