Community
Wiki Posts
Search
Old Jan 19, 2017, 8:44 pm
FlyerTalk Forums Expert How-Tos and Guides
Last edit by: StartinSanDiego
Please read this Wiki before posting questions in the thread.

Do not post offers or requests for referral links in this thread! The proper thread for referral offers is here.
All Chase issued cards are here: https://creditcards.chase.com/sitemap

This thread--a continuation of previous discussions through May 2015 and December 2016--focuses on general Chase policies & practices for new applications. For information on specific Chase cards and their bonuses/terms/benefits, see the following threads and their associated wikis: Table of Contents
  1. Does Chase have a limit on the number or frequency of applications like Citi's 8/65 rule?

  2. What's this I hear about Chase denying applications to people who have recently opened a lot of credit cards?

  3. Does the 5/24 rule apply to applications for all Chase cards?

  4. How does Chase calculate the number of an applicant's new cards for purposes of the 5/24 rule?

  5. How does Chase calculate the relevant 24-month period? By calendar months? By exact days?

  6. Can I get around the 5/24 policy by closing cards I've opened in the past 24 months?

  7. Is there any way around the 5/24 policy (targeted mailers, pre-approvals, Chase Private Client status)?

  8. Can I apply for a specific Chase card and earn the bonus again after doing so previously?

  9. I'm an authorized user for a card issued to my spouse/parent. Does that prevent me from signing up for the same card and earning a bonus?

  10. I already have several Chase cards with a substantial aggregate line of credit. Will it improve my odds if I close an existing account (or lower its credit line) before applying for another?

  11. I wasn't auto-approved. Should I call in?

  12. How can I determine the deadline for meeting the spend requirement to earn the signup bonus?

  13. Once I meet the card's spend requirement, how soon will I receive my signup bonus points?

  14. Should I downgrade or cancel my existing cards before applying?

  15. Useful Chase telephone numbers

Does Chase have a limit on the number or frequency of applications like Citi's 8/65 rule?
Chase does not have a known limit. However, several reports (for example) indicate that Chase is highly sensitive to multiple applications within a short time period, and that the second (or subsequent) applications run a substantial risk of being denied. In many cases, this is likely related to Chase's practice of allocating a large credit line (up to an applicant's personal maximum) when approving a new card such as the first application in a series. (See also the discussion below concerning aggregate Chase credit lines.)

What's this I hear about Chase denying applications to people who have recently opened a lot of credit cards?
Starting in May 2015, Chase began denying applications for its own personal cards (e.g., Sapphire Preferred, Freedom, Slate & Freedom Unlimited) if the applicant's credit report shows that she or he opened 5 or more credit cards with any card issuer in the prior 24 months ("the 5/24 rule").

For a few days in early September 2016, Chase included explicit language ("You will not be approved for this card if you have opened 5 or more bank cards in the past 24 months") on the application page for the Sapphire Reserve card--and then promptly removed it. The absence of this language on landing/application pages for the CSR or any other Chase card is not a reliable indicator of whether the 5/24 policy applies.

See the next section for co-branded cards exempt from the 5/24 policy, and the later section discussing potential ways around 5/24.

Does the 5/24 rule apply to applications for all Chase cards?
Previously the rule did not apply to applications for the Ink Plus business card or to co-branded cards such as United, Hyatt, IHG, etc. However, on May 22, 2016 Chase extended its 5/24 rule to cover Ink business cards and some co-branded cards. (Note that there were premature reports that Chase Ink Plus would be made subject to the rule in March 2016 (which did not happen), and that all co-branded cards would follow in April 2016 (also did not happen).)

Although we had numerous reports of applications prior to May 22 being denied for a United/Hyatt/IHG/WN card by a CSR citing the 5/24 rule, the available evidence strongly suggested that those applicants had other serious issues--multiple Chase applications in a short period; large existing Chase credit line--and that overzealous CSRs gratuitously (and erroneously) invoked the 5/24 rule in the past as an additional supposed justification for the denial. Thus, it is difficult to separate such false positives from any change in Chase policy.

Instead, the most useful data points are those where an applicant is approved for a Chase card despite being over 5/24. Since May 22, 2016, we have such reports for these co-branded cards (in order from oldest to newest for each card):
For a longer list of cards apparently not subject to 5/24, check this link:
In November 2018, Chase seems to have possibly expanded 5/24 to more cards, possibly including some mentioned above. See this link:
Please follow discussion in the thread for current updates.

How does Chase calculate the number of an applicant's new cards for purposes of the 5/24 rule?
The 24-month count includes personal cards opened at other banks, and even cards on which the applicant is only an authorized user and not the primary cardholder. Chase has been extremely inflexible with this policy, with agents stating that there is nothing they can do to circumvent this restriction. However, in some cases Chase may reconsider a denial if the applicant has <5 new cards excluding cards on which s/he is an authorized user. You may need to escalate to the next level of customer service agent, as many front-line agents seem to be unable or unwilling to remove the authorized user accounts from the count.

Note:

How does Chase calculate the relevant 24-month period? By calendar months? By exact days?
In February 2017, a FTer reported a successful application a day or two after dropping from 5/24 to 4/24. However, because Chase sometimes approves applicants who are at 5/24 exactly (see above), this data point does not conclusively prove that Chase drops cards from its calculation on the exact 24-month anniversary of the previous bonus.

Can I get around the 5/24 policy by closing cards I've opened in the past 24 months?
No. Chase uses the information from your credit report, and closing an account doesn't make it disappear.

Is there any way around the 5/24 policy (targeted mailers, pre-approvals, Chase Private Client status)?
As to targeted mailers, we have insufficient anecdotal evidence to reach any reliable conclusions. (Reports suggesting no exemption from 5/24 here and here.)

There have been reports of people with more than 5 cards opened in the last 24 months being successful if they are already pre-approved for the card in question. To find out if you are pre-approved, you can call or go into a branch to ask. Success stories appear to be connected to Chase Private Client (CPC) status and the rollout of the Chase Sapphire Reserve card. In-branch pre-approvals (showing a green screen on the banker's computer) result in automatic approvals. Some (but not all) CPC clients had success in recon calls[[I]citation needed].

Can I apply for a specific Chase card and earn the bonus again after doing so previously?
It depends. A Chase card may be "churned" when an entirely new version becomes available. For example, business cards are distinct from personal/consumer cards. Note that simple variations among bonus offers do not amount to new versions/products for purposes of this rule.

Beginning in 2014, Chase began including explicit language in most of its offers, such as the following:
This new cardmember bonus offer is not available to either (i) current cardmembers of this consumer credit card, or (ii) previous cardmembers of this consumer credit card who received a new cardmember bonus for this consumer credit card within the last 24 months.
Effective August 2018, Chase imposed stringent additional restrictions on receiving the signup bonus for any version of the Sapphire card. See Sapphire (CSR & CSP) 48 months between bonuses, August 2018 and the master threads for each card (listed above) for details and discussion.

There are four key considerations in determining whether you can churn a given card:
  • The 5/24 policy discussed in detail above.
  • The 24-month bonus waiting period--in the case of Sapphire cards, the collective 48-month period--is measured not from the date of your previous application (or approval date, if different), but instead from the date you received the signup-related bonus on the previous card, which may be 3-4 months later than the approval date. The same rule applies regardless of the type of signup bonus received (points, miles, or free-night certs); anniversary benefits unrelated to spending requirements, such as annual IHG & Marriott certs, do not count as signup bonuses.
  • If you still have your old card of the same type, you're ineligible.
  • Chase's policy does not indicate whether there is also a minimum waiting period between cancellation and reapplication, and there is not yet sufficient anecdotal evidence from FTers to draw firm conclusions. At a minimum, a prudent churner will wait at least a week or two after cancellation before reapplying so that all of Chase's systems fully reflect that closure. (See first bullet point above.) At least one FTer has reported re-applying successfully 14 days after canceling the previous card.
Finally, note that if you reapply too soon, Chase may still issue you the new card. (This differs from some other card issuers, which may deny such applications outright.) In this case, Chase typically notifies you by letter within a month or two after approval that, as a previous cardholder, you will not receive the bonus a second time.

I'm an authorized user for a card issued to my spouse/parent. Does that prevent me from signing up for the same card and earning a bonus?
No. Being an additional user on someone else's account poses no bar to applying for that same card & bonus, except insofar as such cards may count toward the 5/24 rule (as discussed above).

I already have several Chase cards with a substantial aggregate line of credit. Will it improve my odds if I close an existing account (or lower its credit line) before applying for another?
Yes.

In the past, the conventional wisdom among FTers was that you were more likely to hurt your chances by closing an account or reducing CL unilaterally. However, substantial evidence from 2014 onward strongly indicates that Chase is increasingly likely to reject applications (or at least not auto-approve them) where an applicant has an existing total credit line that is high compared to his/her income & spending patterns. (For many members, the threshold appears to be in the $45K-60K range, but that is highly speculative.)

Recent reports suggest that closing accounts and/or voluntarily reducing credit lines increases the odds of auto-approval or in-branch pre-approval. (You can do either by calling or simply sending a secure message through your Chase online account. You do not need to provide a reason for the request.) For best results, keep at least $5K-10K in excess credit; if your application is not approved, you can always contact the reconsideration department and offer to reallocate that portion of your existing credit line. Note: despite allowing credit line to be moved between personal and business accounts in the past, Chase is no longer permitting such reallocation in either direction.

With respect to timing, it is better to reduce any CL as soon as you can conveniently do so, e.g., after meeting the bonus spend on a card you do not plan to use regularly thereafter. (Do not reduce CL on a given card if it would increase your "credit utiilization"--that is, the ratio of outstanding balance to CL--above ~30%. A high credit utilization number is a red flag for banks and can adversely affect your credit score.) Waiting until one's next application to lower a CL is less than optimal, as the reduced CL is not immediately recognized by all of Chase's systems.

There is no known minimum wait between lowering a CL and having the freed-up amount become available for purposes of a new application. A prudent applicant will, as recommended above, plan well in advance; failing that, an applicant would be wise to wait at least 24 hours between lowering a CL and applying for a new card.

I wasn't auto-approved. Should I call in?
It may be better to avoid calling Chase unless your application is denied. Many recent calls on pending applications led to denials, and many people report having success letting applications work their way through the system. Be patient. Time is on your side; increasingly, Chase CSRs are not.

If you do call, expect extensive and possibly hostile questioning. Be prepared to answer questions regarding the need for more credit, past credit apps for both Chase and other banks, income, business finances, etc. Know your CLs with Chase before you call so you know which card/s you are willing to decrease the CLs on. If the app is for a significant other who dislikes such calls, they can authorize you to speak on their behalf and hand the phone over to you.

How can I determine the deadline for meeting the spend requirement to earn the signup bonus?
Just send Chase a secure message (SM) through your online account. Although the deadline should in theory be N months from the date of approval (not the date of application or card activation)--where N is the number of months specified in the offer--Chase typically pads this period to account for the time required to fabricate and deliver physical cards. For example, a recent "3-month" deadline was in fact 114 days, as confirmed by Chase's SM confirmation.

Once I meet the card's spend requirement, how soon will I receive my signup bonus points?
Bonus points typically accrue at the close of the billing period in which you incur the corresponding charges. Points should appear in your hotel/airline account within a few days thereafter.

NOTE: If you complete your required spending in the last 7-10 days of the statement period, the bonus may not post until the following month's statement, even if the regular per-dollar points post on the first statement. This is normal behavior for Chase and is not worth a phone call.

Should I downgrade or cancel my existing cards before applying?
Useful Chase telephone numbers
(800) 432-3117 – General Application Status Line, automated
(800) 436-7927 – Alternative General Application Status Line, automated
(888) 609-7805 – Alternative Personal Reconsideration line with live rep
(888) 269-8690 - Business Credit Card Application Status Line, automated
(800) 453-9719 – Business Credit Card Reconsideration Line with live rep
(800) 955-9900 – General Card Services and Application status, automated
(888) 298-5623 – Credit Reallocation Office (Personal cards)
(800) 453-9719 – Credit Reallocation Office (Business cards)
(888) 622-7547 – Executive Offices
(877) 470-9042 – Personal Application Verification line with live rep
Twitter: @ChaseSupport
Note: In the past, automated telephone status reports stating that Chase would notify you in 2 weeks often resulted in an approval, whereas the "7-10 days" telephone recording often indicated imminent denial. In 2016, this pattern became increasingly unpredictable, with many applicants receiving approval despite an earlier "7-10 days" automated telephone message. As a result, automated telephone responses should not be regarded as reliable indicators of an application's likely outcome.
Print Wikipost

Applying for Chase Credit Cards, 2017-2019

Thread Tools
 
Search this Thread
 
Old Jan 25, 2018, 9:47 am
  #1381  
 
Join Date: Feb 2013
Programs: Hyatt Globalist, MLife Gold, Marriott Gold, HHonors Gold, Caesars Diamond, Amex Plat
Posts: 5,939
Why does Chase so rarely give instant approvals for applicants or cards that don't even fall under the 5/24 rule and applicants with high credit scores? Over the last 24 months, I gotten 2 new personal cards and 4 business cards. Those from Chase are Reserve 9/2016; Ink Pref 12/2016; Marriott pers 4/2017 (in no case was I at or over 5/24). I was instantly approved for all other cards, but Chase makes me wait every time. Applied for the Hyatt card and now must wait again.
Stgermainparis is offline  
Old Jan 25, 2018, 10:23 am
  #1382  
 
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: Santa Barbara, CA
Posts: 1,277
Originally Posted by Stgermainparis
Why does Chase so rarely give instant approvals for applicants or cards that don't even fall under the 5/24 rule and applicants with high credit scores? Over the last 24 months, I gotten 2 new personal cards and 4 business cards. Those from Chase are Reserve 9/2016; Ink Pref 12/2016; Marriott pers 4/2017 (in no case was I at or over 5/24). I was instantly approved for all other cards, but Chase makes me wait every time. Applied for the Hyatt card and now must wait again.
It could be because you already have such a high credit limit with Chase, and not with the other banks.
penner42 is offline  
Old Jan 25, 2018, 11:15 am
  #1383  
FlyerTalk Evangelist
 
Join Date: Jan 2005
Location: home = LAX
Posts: 25,933
Originally Posted by maxiet
I'm at 4/24 want to make sure my strategy is ok. I want to apply for the Explorer, the Explorer Business, the Ink Preferred, the BA card, and the Marriott. Will this work:

Day 1: Apply UA Explorer Business; 1/30 clock starts
Day 31: 1/30 clock resets; apply for CIP
Day 32: Apply for UA Explorer and Marriott; 2/30 clock start
Day 63: 2/30 clock resets; apply for BA

Also, will I be eligible for the bonus from the Explorer and the Explorer Business cards?
Do you already have the Marriott Business card? It's not even subject to 5/24, so you could get that at any time (except that it may be withdrawn later this year). And it doesn't count towards 5/24, because it's a business card.
sdsearch is offline  
Old Jan 25, 2018, 1:33 pm
  #1384  
 
Join Date: Feb 2013
Programs: Hyatt Globalist, MLife Gold, Marriott Gold, HHonors Gold, Caesars Diamond, Amex Plat
Posts: 5,939
Originally Posted by penner42
It could be because you already have such a high credit limit with Chase, and not with the other banks.
Bingo. That's probably it, though I have high limits everywhere. Chase does seem particularly sensitive on that count.

Question: I am about to close an Ink Pref that I got 13 months ago. That will also free up some credit. Should I go ahead and close it now or wait as long as possible to see if approved. I thought canceling right before applying for a new card might look bad. But maybe it will help? I have till Feb 7 to cancel that one.
Stgermainparis is offline  
Old Jan 25, 2018, 4:32 pm
  #1385  
 
Join Date: Feb 2017
Location: NYC
Programs: UA
Posts: 36
Originally Posted by sdsearch
Do you already have the Marriott Business card? It's not even subject to 5/24, so you could get that at any time (except that it may be withdrawn later this year). And it doesn't count towards 5/24, because it's a business card.
No, I don't have the Marriott business card, but I prefer Chase UR and UA miles. I thought I could just throw in the Marriott personal with the UA personal at 4/24 to double dip, but it seems like it's better to just skip it.
maxiet is offline  
Old Jan 25, 2018, 7:21 pm
  #1386  
 
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: Santa Barbara, CA
Posts: 1,277
Originally Posted by Stgermainparis
Bingo. That's probably it, though I have high limits everywhere. Chase does seem particularly sensitive on that count.

Question: I am about to close an Ink Pref that I got 13 months ago. That will also free up some credit. Should I go ahead and close it now or wait as long as possible to see if approved. I thought canceling right before applying for a new card might look bad. But maybe it will help? I have till Feb 7 to cancel that one.
People have mixed opinions on this. Some say cancel to free up the credit in advance, and you're more likely to get auto-approved by the computer. But there's no guarantee, even if you close out a big line of credit, that Chase will want to give you more again. I'm of the opinion that you should hold on to it, and then offer to cancel or move credit from it on a reconsideration call if you get denied. If you are applying for a personal card, then maybe go ahead and cancel, because you can't move credit from business cards to personal cards. If it's a business card you want, and you do cancel, make sure you keep enough business credit available on other cards for the minimum required for whatever card you want to get.

I personally don't mind having to deal with phone calls to get approved. A lot of people *really* want instant approval.
penner42 is offline  
Old Jan 27, 2018, 6:31 am
  #1387  
 
Join Date: Sep 2017
Posts: 206
Do I have a 5/24 issue?

Hey

Been reading about 5/24 and couldn't figure out if I am in the danger zone now... I started my "points career" a few months ago.

In the last 4 months I opened:

Chase ink preffered
Amex business gold
amex Everyday

But... My wife also opened an everyday and preferred and added me as authorized user on both. As well as added me as used on her old delta gold card...

So where am I in terms of 5/24?

I want to open the following as well - amex gold delta (I have a 60k offer through my wife - she will get 10k...), amex blue business plus, and finally.... CSR.

Thoughts?
bklgafly is offline  
Old Jan 27, 2018, 7:27 am
  #1388  
 
Join Date: Sep 2011
Posts: 1,857
Originally Posted by bklgafly
Hey

Been reading about 5/24 and couldn't figure out if I am in the danger zone now... I started my "points career" a few months ago.

In the last 4 months I opened:

Chase ink preffered
Amex business gold
amex Everyday

But... My wife also opened an everyday and preferred and added me as authorized user on both. As well as added me as used on her old delta gold card...

So where am I in terms of 5/24?

I want to open the following as well - amex gold delta (I have a 60k offer through my wife - she will get 10k...), amex blue business plus, and finally.... CSR.

Thoughts?
The most accurate way to determine 5/24 is to obtain a copy of your credit report and simply count the credit card accounts that were opened in the last 24 months. That said, your 2 business cards don't count, but the AU accounts on your wife's cards do initially. So you're at 4/24 as far as Chase's automated process is concerned. You should strongly consider getting the Chase cards you want BEFORE applying for those from any other bank.

You can get Chase to reconsider a denied application by ignoring AU accounts, but they don't do that automatically. It takes a phone call, sometimes more than one.
prech likes this.
pallhedge is offline  
Old Jan 27, 2018, 11:09 am
  #1389  
 
Join Date: Sep 2017
Posts: 206
Thanks Pallhedge... Annoying. I didn't even need those UA but thought what the heck?

If I do take out the delta amex which brings me over 5/24 - then if I want CSR: do I first call chase and then apply or do I first apply, get denied, then ask to take off AU and approve me?
bklgafly is offline  
Old Jan 28, 2018, 8:24 am
  #1390  
 
Join Date: Sep 2011
Posts: 1,857
Originally Posted by bklgafly
Thanks Pallhedge... Annoying. I didn't even need those UA but thought what the heck?

If I do take out the delta amex which brings me over 5/24 - then if I want CSR: do I first call chase and then apply or do I first apply, get denied, then ask to take off AU and approve me?
You could have your wife call Amex and remove you as an AU on her Everyday since you have your own. That will give you an extra 5/24 slot to work with.

If, utimately, you are denied for CSR because of 5/24, you then call Chase reconsideration. Ask them to list each of your cards, and for each AU card they mention, say "I am not financially responsible for that card." Those are the magic words.
pallhedge is offline  
Old Jan 28, 2018, 11:01 am
  #1391  
 
Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 22
I got a mailing to apply for the United MileagePlus Explorer 50K bonus with a link (unitedexplorercard.com/reward18) to enter my United MP # and see if I'm eligible, and the website shows I'm eligible for the 50K offer, so this appears to be a targeted promo. I know Chase cards generally can't be churned, so if I've had the same card and cancelled it years ago, does anyone know if I can get the bonus again or not?
agtprvctr is offline  
Old Jan 28, 2018, 11:45 am
  #1392  
 
Join Date: Feb 2013
Programs: Hyatt Globalist, MLife Gold, Marriott Gold, HHonors Gold, Caesars Diamond, Amex Plat
Posts: 5,939
Few days back I applied for Hyatt personal card (I'm at 3/24). Not instantly approved. I think it's b/c I've got too much credit extended from Chase already. 35k on my Marriott card, for one. I certainly don't need all that. Normally I would not call and let the process play out. But I'm thinking this is a simple move credit issue. Does Chase ever just move credit on their own from old personal card to a new one? I don't want to wait weeks and get a denial and then call and they just move some funds to approve it. Would rather do that on the front end if no risk.

To call or not to call?
Stgermainparis is offline  
Old Jan 28, 2018, 12:01 pm
  #1393  
 
Join Date: Sep 2017
Posts: 206
Originally Posted by pallhedge
You could have your wife call Amex and remove you as an AU on her Everyday since you have your own. That will give you an extra 5/24 slot to work with.

If, utimately, you are denied for CSR because of 5/24, you then call Chase reconsideration. Ask them to list each of your cards, and for each AU card they mention, say "I am not financially responsible for that card." Those are the magic words.
Excellent info! thank you Pallhedge.

I'll have her remove me from both the everyday and delta card.

Then I will take out my own delta card and not even put her as AU. Those 70k miles are great offer on a first year waved card.

I am happy and sad to see just how 1.5cpp is hard to beat for econ flights... only southwest really is possible and they don't fly to many places.
bklgafly is offline  
Old Jan 28, 2018, 9:45 pm
  #1394  
 
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: Santa Barbara, CA
Posts: 1,277
Originally Posted by agtprvctr
I got a mailing to apply for the United MileagePlus Explorer 50K bonus with a link (unitedexplorercard.com/reward18) to enter my United MP # and see if I'm eligible, and the website shows I'm eligible for the 50K offer, so this appears to be a targeted promo. I know Chase cards generally can't be churned, so if I've had the same card and cancelled it years ago, does anyone know if I can get the bonus again or not?
Read the fine print. Most Chase offers say you can't get the bonus if you've received a bonus for that card in the last 24 months. I assume this one would be the same, so you can get the bonus again if the last time you got it was 2+ years ago.

Originally Posted by Stgermainparis
Few days back I applied for Hyatt personal card (I'm at 3/24). Not instantly approved. I think it's b/c I've got too much credit extended from Chase already. 35k on my Marriott card, for one. I certainly don't need all that. Normally I would not call and let the process play out. But I'm thinking this is a simple move credit issue. Does Chase ever just move credit on their own from old personal card to a new one? I don't want to wait weeks and get a denial and then call and they just move some funds to approve it. Would rather do that on the front end if no risk.

To call or not to call?
At 3/24, I see no reason not to call. They'll probably almost immediately ask you if you'd be willing to move credit from your Marriott card. How many total Chase cards do you have? Would you be willing to cancel any? Probably won't be necessary. If it was me, I'd call. I can't recall if Chase has ever automatically moved credit without me talking to them first. I know I had it happen recently, but I think that might have been American Express.
prech likes this.
penner42 is offline  
Old Jan 29, 2018, 1:22 am
  #1395  
 
Join Date: Aug 2010
Posts: 124
Originally Posted by bklgafly
Excellent info! thank you Pallhedge.

I'll have her remove me from both the everyday and delta card.
Alas, be aware Amex will usually/always refuse to remove spouses as AUs. I'd search through this thread as others have posted about it, or Google it. Experiences aplenty at myFico forums or Reddit churning. It's an Amex-specific rule, unfortunately, and two of my family members experienced it.

Amex is one of the worst issuers when it comes to removing AU accounts. Even if you tell them, the Amex credit bureau unit, you're some other relationship/business partner/etc. rather than a spouse and they agree, it'll still often take multiple statement cycles. My family members ended up disputing directly with EX (via phone), TU (via Credit Karma) and EQ (via phone) to get them removed.
prech is offline  


Contact Us - Manage Preferences - Archive - Advertising - Cookie Policy - Privacy Statement - Terms of Service -

This site is owned, operated, and maintained by MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. Copyright © 2024 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. All rights reserved. Designated trademarks are the property of their respective owners.