The American Express Gold Rewards Plus card offers 1.5 miles per dollar charged with Membership Rewards airline and hotel partners and 2 pts per dollar in the first year of membership. All other purchases earn 1 pt per dollar.
In addition to AMEX, Diners Club offers pts that can be converted to miles, however the redemption is 2:1 on DC, unless there is a promotion where you can convert 1 pt for 1 mile, such as the current British Airways offer.
Other cards that I am aware of are specific to airlines, for example, the Citibank World Mastercard only earns you pts on American, or the UA MC/VISA which only earns miles on United Airlines.